Gibberellin-Induced α
... cell wall matrix that could promote wall extension. Auxin-induced growth is not associated with an increase in XET activity. Thus the effect is specific for gibberellins. One possibility is that XET facilitates the penetration of expansins into the cell wall. According to this view, GA and auxins ma ...
... cell wall matrix that could promote wall extension. Auxin-induced growth is not associated with an increase in XET activity. Thus the effect is specific for gibberellins. One possibility is that XET facilitates the penetration of expansins into the cell wall. According to this view, GA and auxins ma ...
How is pluripotency determined and maintained?
... factor, Gata6. Nanog is an NK-2 class homeobox transcription factor that is expressed throughout the pluripotent cells of the ICM. As overexpression of Nanog in mouse ES cells can maintain them in a pluripotent state in the absence of Lif, it is a good candidate for this hypothetical Gata6 repressor ...
... factor, Gata6. Nanog is an NK-2 class homeobox transcription factor that is expressed throughout the pluripotent cells of the ICM. As overexpression of Nanog in mouse ES cells can maintain them in a pluripotent state in the absence of Lif, it is a good candidate for this hypothetical Gata6 repressor ...
Paramecium trichocysts isolated with their membranes are stable in
... in situ are nearly identical and this argues against any rearrangement of the membranes during the isolation procedure. Although the trichocyst matrix ...
... in situ are nearly identical and this argues against any rearrangement of the membranes during the isolation procedure. Although the trichocyst matrix ...
ANTIIDIOTYPIC IMMUNITY IN INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS II. Rats
... tubular antigen-reactive T lymphoblasts as previously described (6). Low-titered aTBMAb were removed from this preparation by extensive adsorption with tubular basement membranes. RE-aid antibodies were prepared by immunizing a rabbit with polymorphic aTBM-Ab (RE-Id) that had been eluted from nephri ...
... tubular antigen-reactive T lymphoblasts as previously described (6). Low-titered aTBMAb were removed from this preparation by extensive adsorption with tubular basement membranes. RE-aid antibodies were prepared by immunizing a rabbit with polymorphic aTBM-Ab (RE-Id) that had been eluted from nephri ...
Cell Source Optimization for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
... onward to veins and the vena cava which returns it to the heart. In particular, the coronary sinus is the vein which will return deoxygenated blood from the heart to the vena cava. The heart is composed of four chambers which pump the blood separated by valves to prevent backflow of blood. The wall ...
... onward to veins and the vena cava which returns it to the heart. In particular, the coronary sinus is the vein which will return deoxygenated blood from the heart to the vena cava. The heart is composed of four chambers which pump the blood separated by valves to prevent backflow of blood. The wall ...
De novo fatty acid synthesis controls the fate between regulatory T
... with the mTOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin, the development of Teff cells is greatly diminished5. Along the same line, it has recently been shown that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) enhances glycolysis in an mTOR-dependent manner, leading to specific induction of TH17 cells6. In contrast, inte ...
... with the mTOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin, the development of Teff cells is greatly diminished5. Along the same line, it has recently been shown that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) enhances glycolysis in an mTOR-dependent manner, leading to specific induction of TH17 cells6. In contrast, inte ...
The expression of transforming growth factor-βs and TGF
... In this study we investigated the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoform and TGF-β receptor mRNA and protein, and the effect of TGF-β1–3 on the rate of DNA synthesis and proliferation of human myometrial smooth muscle cells in vitro. To determine these, we utilized primary cultur ...
... In this study we investigated the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoform and TGF-β receptor mRNA and protein, and the effect of TGF-β1–3 on the rate of DNA synthesis and proliferation of human myometrial smooth muscle cells in vitro. To determine these, we utilized primary cultur ...
question
... •The process which generates genetically identical “buds” that break off to become a new organism is called/the process in which a fragment is broken off of an organism and grows into a new organism is called ...
... •The process which generates genetically identical “buds” that break off to become a new organism is called/the process in which a fragment is broken off of an organism and grows into a new organism is called ...
Parallels between tissue repair and embryo morphogenesis
... descriptions, see Harden, 2002; Jacinto et al., 2002b). The first phase, initiation (Fig. 3A), begins just prior to the completion of germband retraction, with the two opposing epithelial sheets moving slowly towards one another as a consequence of amnioserosal cell contraction. The trigger(s) requi ...
... descriptions, see Harden, 2002; Jacinto et al., 2002b). The first phase, initiation (Fig. 3A), begins just prior to the completion of germband retraction, with the two opposing epithelial sheets moving slowly towards one another as a consequence of amnioserosal cell contraction. The trigger(s) requi ...
Complement Receptor Type 1 (CD35) Mediates - Bio
... Whereas the role of human CR2 in B cell activation is relatively well-established, much less is known about the exact function of CR1 (CD35). CR1 is a single-chain glycoprotein, which exists in four allotypes, the most common of them having a molecular mass of ⬃220 kDa and consisting of 30 short con ...
... Whereas the role of human CR2 in B cell activation is relatively well-established, much less is known about the exact function of CR1 (CD35). CR1 is a single-chain glycoprotein, which exists in four allotypes, the most common of them having a molecular mass of ⬃220 kDa and consisting of 30 short con ...
Cellular Force Microscopy for in Vivo
... wall was essentially compressed over a submicrometric volume, measuring the elastic modulus in the direction normal to its surface, as opposed to wall elasticity in the surface plane (Milani et al., 2011). Given the composite structure of the cell wall (Baskin, 2005; Cosgrove, 2005; Thompson, 2005; ...
... wall was essentially compressed over a submicrometric volume, measuring the elastic modulus in the direction normal to its surface, as opposed to wall elasticity in the surface plane (Milani et al., 2011). Given the composite structure of the cell wall (Baskin, 2005; Cosgrove, 2005; Thompson, 2005; ...
Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death
... of cathepsins to the cytoplasm (Yamashima et al., 2003). This observation led to the formulation of the “calpain–cathepsin hypothesis,” whereby the calcium-mediated activation of calpains results in the rupture of lysosomes and leakage of killer cathepsins that eventually dismantle the cell (Yamashi ...
... of cathepsins to the cytoplasm (Yamashima et al., 2003). This observation led to the formulation of the “calpain–cathepsin hypothesis,” whereby the calcium-mediated activation of calpains results in the rupture of lysosomes and leakage of killer cathepsins that eventually dismantle the cell (Yamashi ...
Identification of Motile Sperm Domain–Containing Protein 2 as
... peptides identified for that protein. If a peptide is redundantly identified, only the highest scoring peptide is used; or 2) Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) score, which is the sum of the ion excess score over the homology or identity threshold for each spectrum plus the ...
... peptides identified for that protein. If a peptide is redundantly identified, only the highest scoring peptide is used; or 2) Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) score, which is the sum of the ion excess score over the homology or identity threshold for each spectrum plus the ...
Responses in Peripheral Lymph Nodes Cells and Naive T Cells
... FIGURE 1. Magnitude of primary immune response and immunologic control of tumor directly correlates with the ability of exogenous DC to be retained in lymphoid organs. Exogenous bone marrow-derived DC were activated by coculture with CD40L-expressing National Institutes of Health-3T3 fibroblasts, pu ...
... FIGURE 1. Magnitude of primary immune response and immunologic control of tumor directly correlates with the ability of exogenous DC to be retained in lymphoid organs. Exogenous bone marrow-derived DC were activated by coculture with CD40L-expressing National Institutes of Health-3T3 fibroblasts, pu ...
Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation
... That all higher organisms possess some segmental organization during their development is presumably no coincidence. Segmentation appears to be an important developmental strategy with which to build and diversify different body regions. It can be studied at many levels, ranging from molecule and ge ...
... That all higher organisms possess some segmental organization during their development is presumably no coincidence. Segmentation appears to be an important developmental strategy with which to build and diversify different body regions. It can be studied at many levels, ranging from molecule and ge ...
Forage digestibility: the intersection of cell wall lignification and plant
... concentration by the NDF method (Theander and Westerlund, 1993). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) is a severe under-estimate of actual lignin concentration in grasses, giving lignin concentration estimates that are only one half to one quarter of Klason and acetyl bromide lignin methods (Hatfield and Fu ...
... concentration by the NDF method (Theander and Westerlund, 1993). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) is a severe under-estimate of actual lignin concentration in grasses, giving lignin concentration estimates that are only one half to one quarter of Klason and acetyl bromide lignin methods (Hatfield and Fu ...
Repairing the Damaged Plasma Membrane of the
... lysosomes. The outer membrane of an autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. The lysosome’s hydrolases degrade the autophagosome-delivered contents and its inner membrane. 9 Damage and Degradation to the Cell Membrane When cell membranes are intact their receptor surface is able ...
... lysosomes. The outer membrane of an autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome. The lysosome’s hydrolases degrade the autophagosome-delivered contents and its inner membrane. 9 Damage and Degradation to the Cell Membrane When cell membranes are intact their receptor surface is able ...
Lab 4
... • Learn methods of differential staining: – Use two or more stains and categorize cells into groups – Gram Staining – Separates bacteria in two different groups – Gram positive and Gram negative – Important first test for bacterial identification ...
... • Learn methods of differential staining: – Use two or more stains and categorize cells into groups – Gram Staining – Separates bacteria in two different groups – Gram positive and Gram negative – Important first test for bacterial identification ...
STK31 maintains the undifferentiated state of colon cancer cells
... of STK31 by real time-PCR. The results showed that the expression of STK31 transcripts were significantly increased in 5 out of 8 patients (P < 0.05) compared with normal tissue (n = 8; Figure 1B), confirming the reactivation of STK31 in colon cancer. We next examined the expression and localization ...
... of STK31 by real time-PCR. The results showed that the expression of STK31 transcripts were significantly increased in 5 out of 8 patients (P < 0.05) compared with normal tissue (n = 8; Figure 1B), confirming the reactivation of STK31 in colon cancer. We next examined the expression and localization ...
ch13c
... • Polymerase stalls • recruit specialized polymerase that is able to bypass the lesion – thymidine dimer as example – replicative polymerase (pol d or e) replaced pol h – This enzyme inserts 2 A residues across from dimer – XP-V mutation alters pol h – Cannot replicate past thymidine dimers ...
... • Polymerase stalls • recruit specialized polymerase that is able to bypass the lesion – thymidine dimer as example – replicative polymerase (pol d or e) replaced pol h – This enzyme inserts 2 A residues across from dimer – XP-V mutation alters pol h – Cannot replicate past thymidine dimers ...
Molecular Characterization and Functional Expression of the Human
... membranes composed of numerous intercellular low resistance channels. By permitting the passage of ions and chemical mediators from cell to cell, these channels may play a major role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including embryogenesis, cellular differentiation and development, and elect ...
... membranes composed of numerous intercellular low resistance channels. By permitting the passage of ions and chemical mediators from cell to cell, these channels may play a major role in a wide variety of cellular processes, including embryogenesis, cellular differentiation and development, and elect ...
lncreased Expression of Vacuolar Aquaporin and
... permeability of the lipid bilayer is more than sufficient for required fluxes. However, some specialized plant cells, such as stomata cells, the motor cells of the pulvini of Mimosa pudica, or of the stamens of Mahonia spp. change their volume very rapidly using water exchange with surrounding cells ...
... permeability of the lipid bilayer is more than sufficient for required fluxes. However, some specialized plant cells, such as stomata cells, the motor cells of the pulvini of Mimosa pudica, or of the stamens of Mahonia spp. change their volume very rapidly using water exchange with surrounding cells ...
Rapid Identification of ESKAPE Bacterial Strains Using an
... strains, and Enterococcus faecalis. We inoculated the devices using the optimized conditions described above in which a single colony was suspended in 100 mL of a solution consisting of 25% LB and 0.05% phenol red loading buffer. The colorimetric readout was recorded after an incubation period of 4 ...
... strains, and Enterococcus faecalis. We inoculated the devices using the optimized conditions described above in which a single colony was suspended in 100 mL of a solution consisting of 25% LB and 0.05% phenol red loading buffer. The colorimetric readout was recorded after an incubation period of 4 ...
Essays in Biochemistry Volume 39 Chapter 1
... natural cell death one of the oldest theories in cell biology [6]. In 1858 Rudolph Virchow described a natural form of cell death that was distinct from necrosis and called it necrobiosis [7]. The first clear morphological description of apoptosis appeared in 1885 by Walther Flemming. Drawings of ce ...
... natural cell death one of the oldest theories in cell biology [6]. In 1858 Rudolph Virchow described a natural form of cell death that was distinct from necrosis and called it necrobiosis [7]. The first clear morphological description of apoptosis appeared in 1885 by Walther Flemming. Drawings of ce ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.