The role of fibroblast growth factor in early Xenopus development
... much appears to happen for the first few hours, the explants round up with their blastocoelic surface inside and the cells continue to cleave just like untreated explants. However, it is the first 90min or so of exposure that are critical. After this time, the FGF can be withdrawn without affecting ...
... much appears to happen for the first few hours, the explants round up with their blastocoelic surface inside and the cells continue to cleave just like untreated explants. However, it is the first 90min or so of exposure that are critical. After this time, the FGF can be withdrawn without affecting ...
Intranuclear localization of geminivirus DNA
... workstation. Initial data were collected by CCD imaging over large areas of the leaf sections, followed by 3-D iterative deconvolution (Chen et al., 1995). The resulting large data sets were then cropped around individual whole nuclei for analysis and display. The images were adjusted for brightness ...
... workstation. Initial data were collected by CCD imaging over large areas of the leaf sections, followed by 3-D iterative deconvolution (Chen et al., 1995). The resulting large data sets were then cropped around individual whole nuclei for analysis and display. The images were adjusted for brightness ...
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal
... endosomes, where they are sorted; subsequently they are either recycled to the cell surface or targeted for degradation (Huotari and Helenius, 2011; Luzio et al., 2007). Materials fated for degradation are transported to late endosomes (Falguières et al., 2008; Falguières et al., 2009), which subs ...
... endosomes, where they are sorted; subsequently they are either recycled to the cell surface or targeted for degradation (Huotari and Helenius, 2011; Luzio et al., 2007). Materials fated for degradation are transported to late endosomes (Falguières et al., 2008; Falguières et al., 2009), which subs ...
Fuel cells for non-domestic buildings
... and oxygen form water, which drains from the cell. As long as a fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen it will generate electricity. For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see entry form and details on page 28 ...
... and oxygen form water, which drains from the cell. As long as a fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and oxygen it will generate electricity. For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see entry form and details on page 28 ...
Understanding Lignification: Challenges Beyond
... focus our discussion on important topics that are poised to become the new frontiers in lignin research. ...
... focus our discussion on important topics that are poised to become the new frontiers in lignin research. ...
Control of cell cycle transcription during G1 and S phases
... them from transcription factors to activate G1–S genes, including G1 cyclins (see the figure, part a). This reinforces a positive feedback loop, further committing the cell to a new division cycle and activating G1–S transcription. Negative feedback loops subsequently inactivate transcription, which ...
... them from transcription factors to activate G1–S genes, including G1 cyclins (see the figure, part a). This reinforces a positive feedback loop, further committing the cell to a new division cycle and activating G1–S transcription. Negative feedback loops subsequently inactivate transcription, which ...
Division, and Morphogenesis in Plants
... regions and cells at appropriate places: (i) Axis formation establishes localized cues. (ii) Cues are interpreted to pattern body regions and tissue and cell types. (iii) Cell fate is progressively determined. (iv) Overt differentiation takes place. Control of cell division operates in parallel with ...
... regions and cells at appropriate places: (i) Axis formation establishes localized cues. (ii) Cues are interpreted to pattern body regions and tissue and cell types. (iii) Cell fate is progressively determined. (iv) Overt differentiation takes place. Control of cell division operates in parallel with ...
Myosin X is a downstream effector of PI(3)K during phagocytosis articles
... use of multiple protease inhibitors (Fig. 1b). For comparison, bands of similar molecular weights were detected in lysates derived from Madin Darby Bovine Kidney cells16. The other bands present in lanes derived from macrophage lysates are most likely breakdown products of intact Myo10, consistent w ...
... use of multiple protease inhibitors (Fig. 1b). For comparison, bands of similar molecular weights were detected in lysates derived from Madin Darby Bovine Kidney cells16. The other bands present in lanes derived from macrophage lysates are most likely breakdown products of intact Myo10, consistent w ...
REVIEWS
... have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus19 (‘B SNURPOSOMES’) and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, when transcription increases on CELLULARIZATION during cycle 14 (REF. 20), but not in yeast21. Significantly, not all nuclear proteins that show a speckle-like labelling pattern by immuno ...
... have been identified in the amphibian oocyte nucleus19 (‘B SNURPOSOMES’) and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos, when transcription increases on CELLULARIZATION during cycle 14 (REF. 20), but not in yeast21. Significantly, not all nuclear proteins that show a speckle-like labelling pattern by immuno ...
Lyt-23+ CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-SENSITIVE T CELLS REGULATE
... cultures received no mouse serum : A, positive control (with II-2) ; A, negative control (without II-2). ...
... cultures received no mouse serum : A, positive control (with II-2) ; A, negative control (without II-2). ...
Nucleolus-like body of mouse oocytes contains lamin A and B and
... maintenance of oocyte nuclear architectonics, and its depolymerization leads to a collapse of nuclear structures [21, 22]. One of the best-characterized extrachromasomal protein bodies, IGCs, often abut the mouse NLB [23]. IGCs are suggested as one of the most universal and evolutionarilyconserved n ...
... maintenance of oocyte nuclear architectonics, and its depolymerization leads to a collapse of nuclear structures [21, 22]. One of the best-characterized extrachromasomal protein bodies, IGCs, often abut the mouse NLB [23]. IGCs are suggested as one of the most universal and evolutionarilyconserved n ...
Polarity and endocytosis: reciprocal regulation
... Drosophila, and also complicated by its additional role in polarized biosynthetic delivery pathways [28,29]. The polarity phenotypes associated with loss of ESCRT proteins, which would be expected to have their major impact on sorting of cargo destined for degradation, lend some weight to the requir ...
... Drosophila, and also complicated by its additional role in polarized biosynthetic delivery pathways [28,29]. The polarity phenotypes associated with loss of ESCRT proteins, which would be expected to have their major impact on sorting of cargo destined for degradation, lend some weight to the requir ...
The Significance of Low bcl-2 Expression by CD45RO T Cells in No
... The bcl-2 gene product has been shown to prevent apoptotic cell death. We have now investigated the bcl-2 protein expression by resting and activated mature T cell populations. Freshly isolated CD45RO + T cells within CD4 + and CD8 + subsets expressed significantly less bcl-2 than CD45RO- (CD45RA +) ...
... The bcl-2 gene product has been shown to prevent apoptotic cell death. We have now investigated the bcl-2 protein expression by resting and activated mature T cell populations. Freshly isolated CD45RO + T cells within CD4 + and CD8 + subsets expressed significantly less bcl-2 than CD45RO- (CD45RA +) ...
Primary cilia of human endothelial cells disassemble under laminar
... also was located in primary cilia of 10% of ciliated HUVEC, where it was found in particles along the cilia that resembled those stained by hisCMG-1Ab (Fig. 4, A and A’, insets; Fig. 4, B and B’). Therefore, PKD-1 elicits a response to mechanical stimuli only in a subset of the HUVEC expressing pri ...
... also was located in primary cilia of 10% of ciliated HUVEC, where it was found in particles along the cilia that resembled those stained by hisCMG-1Ab (Fig. 4, A and A’, insets; Fig. 4, B and B’). Therefore, PKD-1 elicits a response to mechanical stimuli only in a subset of the HUVEC expressing pri ...
Localization of Collagenase at the Basal Plasma Membrane of a
... by the TCAand K " degradation of type I collagen by the bound material. Gelatinolytic activity did not bind to the column. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled detergent extracts of tumor membranes yielded a single M, 55,000 band consistent with the zymogen form of the connective tissue ...
... by the TCAand K " degradation of type I collagen by the bound material. Gelatinolytic activity did not bind to the column. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled detergent extracts of tumor membranes yielded a single M, 55,000 band consistent with the zymogen form of the connective tissue ...
Identification of Amino Acid Residues within GABAA Receptor
... PstI vector using standard recombinant methods. To generate the b3b2 chimera, a PstI /HindIII fragment encoding the C terminal of b2 was ligated into the (FL AG)b3 pGW1 HindIII /PstI vector. An X hoI site was introduced into both the b2 and b3b2 pGW1 constructs at a position corresponding to residue ...
... PstI vector using standard recombinant methods. To generate the b3b2 chimera, a PstI /HindIII fragment encoding the C terminal of b2 was ligated into the (FL AG)b3 pGW1 HindIII /PstI vector. An X hoI site was introduced into both the b2 and b3b2 pGW1 constructs at a position corresponding to residue ...
The chemokine SDF1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate
... (C) Cxcr4 message is enriched in PGCs relative to the somatic tissue. The level of Cxcr4 transcripts in E11.5 PGCs (GFP+) or somatic tissue (GFP–) were quantified by SYBR-green based RT-PCR. The meiotic marker, STAG3 (Pezzi et al., 2000) was used as a positive control for PGCs, and the gonadal marke ...
... (C) Cxcr4 message is enriched in PGCs relative to the somatic tissue. The level of Cxcr4 transcripts in E11.5 PGCs (GFP+) or somatic tissue (GFP–) were quantified by SYBR-green based RT-PCR. The meiotic marker, STAG3 (Pezzi et al., 2000) was used as a positive control for PGCs, and the gonadal marke ...
Human skin cells support thymus- independent T cell development
... and serving as a repository for immunologic memory (1). The ability to generate T cells suitable for use in human patients could lead to significant advances in the treatment of immunodeficiencies and malignancies. Such therapies have not yet been realized because the unique requirements for T cell ...
... and serving as a repository for immunologic memory (1). The ability to generate T cells suitable for use in human patients could lead to significant advances in the treatment of immunodeficiencies and malignancies. Such therapies have not yet been realized because the unique requirements for T cell ...
Heterarchy of transcription factors driving basal and luminal
... Cell differentiation is affected by complex networks of transcription factors that co-ordinate re-organisation of the chromatin landscape. The hierarchies of these relationships can be difficult to dissect. During in vitro differentiation of normal human uroepithelial cells, formaldehyde-assisted is ...
... Cell differentiation is affected by complex networks of transcription factors that co-ordinate re-organisation of the chromatin landscape. The hierarchies of these relationships can be difficult to dissect. During in vitro differentiation of normal human uroepithelial cells, formaldehyde-assisted is ...
Mitochondria use actin filaments as rails for fast translocation in
... mitochondria moving slowly along microtubules (0.220.05 m m s1), while in our study, mitochondria movement along microtubules was less than our limit of detection (0.3 m m s1). In any case, our in vivo study shows that mitochondria and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco move quickly and over ...
... mitochondria moving slowly along microtubules (0.220.05 m m s1), while in our study, mitochondria movement along microtubules was less than our limit of detection (0.3 m m s1). In any case, our in vivo study shows that mitochondria and peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco move quickly and over ...
Cells Cell Stimulatory Capacity to Mouse Dendritic Associated with
... of invading microorganisms. During the very early phases after microbial recognition, DCs acquire the ability to regulate the functions of NK cells (2–7) that potently contribute to infection eradication by activating a strong inflammatory response and by exerting the cytotoxic function (8). In the ...
... of invading microorganisms. During the very early phases after microbial recognition, DCs acquire the ability to regulate the functions of NK cells (2–7) that potently contribute to infection eradication by activating a strong inflammatory response and by exerting the cytotoxic function (8). In the ...
Zhang YA, Okada A, Lew CH, McConnell SK
... the transcriptional control of target genes involved in axon elimination. However, during normal development, Otx1 protein is initially localized to the cytoplasm of the layer 5 neurons that form subcortical connections. It is not until the time at which axon pruning begins that Otx1 translocates in ...
... the transcriptional control of target genes involved in axon elimination. However, during normal development, Otx1 protein is initially localized to the cytoplasm of the layer 5 neurons that form subcortical connections. It is not until the time at which axon pruning begins that Otx1 translocates in ...
An 83 kDa 0-GlcNAc-Glycoprotein Is Found in the Axoplasm and
... was found in the lipid fraction. The lipid-depleted proteins were extracted into SDS and resolved by SDSPAGE and fluorography. We did not observe incorporation when tissue was omitted from the incubation mixture (Fig. 1). A distinct and reproducible pattern was obtained from each cell fraction, howe ...
... was found in the lipid fraction. The lipid-depleted proteins were extracted into SDS and resolved by SDSPAGE and fluorography. We did not observe incorporation when tissue was omitted from the incubation mixture (Fig. 1). A distinct and reproducible pattern was obtained from each cell fraction, howe ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.