Assessment of antimicrobial compounds by microscopy techniques
... membranes. The polypeptide –membrane interaction is determined by the physicochemical properties of both elements. Bacterial membranes display a negatively charged exposed leaflet, while in eukaryotic cells the outer leaflet is neutral and most negative lipids are displayed in the inner leaflet [15] ...
... membranes. The polypeptide –membrane interaction is determined by the physicochemical properties of both elements. Bacterial membranes display a negatively charged exposed leaflet, while in eukaryotic cells the outer leaflet is neutral and most negative lipids are displayed in the inner leaflet [15] ...
The Role of Chromosome Domains in Shaping the
... Although Hi-C is unable to give any information on TAD dynamics or cell-to-cell variability, the domains identified correlate well with many markers of chromatin activity, such as histone modifications and replication timing (Dixon et al., 2012; Sexton et al., 2012). TADs can also contain coordinate ...
... Although Hi-C is unable to give any information on TAD dynamics or cell-to-cell variability, the domains identified correlate well with many markers of chromatin activity, such as histone modifications and replication timing (Dixon et al., 2012; Sexton et al., 2012). TADs can also contain coordinate ...
Full Text
... to suppress feed intake, introduced the concept of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. A number of other endocrine substances are produced by the adipocyte (e.g., resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, adenosine). The physiological function of many of these adipocyte-produced signals is ye ...
... to suppress feed intake, introduced the concept of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. A number of other endocrine substances are produced by the adipocyte (e.g., resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, adenosine). The physiological function of many of these adipocyte-produced signals is ye ...
Conserved functions of retinoblastoma proteins: From purple retina
... 2.1. RB activity depends on the phosphorylation level The mammalian pRB is phosphorylated at multiple sites in a cell cycle-dependent manner; the bulk phosphorylation of pRB sites can be accounted for by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Hypophosphorylated, active forms of pRB dominat ...
... 2.1. RB activity depends on the phosphorylation level The mammalian pRB is phosphorylated at multiple sites in a cell cycle-dependent manner; the bulk phosphorylation of pRB sites can be accounted for by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Hypophosphorylated, active forms of pRB dominat ...
EXPERIMENT 3 - UniMAP Portal
... Fungi are organisms whose cells are eukaryotic, that is, each of their cells contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane. Fungi are different from plants because they obtain their food from other organisms (rather than making it by photosynthesis). They differ f ...
... Fungi are organisms whose cells are eukaryotic, that is, each of their cells contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane. Fungi are different from plants because they obtain their food from other organisms (rather than making it by photosynthesis). They differ f ...
In Vivo Allium cepa
... candidate for exposure analysis. Several other test systems that fit the recommendations put down by the Committee on methods for toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, US EPA, can be utilized for exposure assessment. The Allium cepa test has been the most established plant assay system appraised by ...
... candidate for exposure analysis. Several other test systems that fit the recommendations put down by the Committee on methods for toxicity tests with aquatic organisms, US EPA, can be utilized for exposure assessment. The Allium cepa test has been the most established plant assay system appraised by ...
Targeted Stimuli-Responsive Dextran Conjugates for Doxorubicin Delivery to Hepatocytes
... specificity and affinity of receptor-ligand interactions, rapid internalization, and relative ease of processing. Dextran, a commercially available, biodegradable polymer has been conjugated to doxorubicin and galactosamine to target hepatocytes in a three-step, one-pot synthesis. The loading of dox ...
... specificity and affinity of receptor-ligand interactions, rapid internalization, and relative ease of processing. Dextran, a commercially available, biodegradable polymer has been conjugated to doxorubicin and galactosamine to target hepatocytes in a three-step, one-pot synthesis. The loading of dox ...
Treadmilling by FtsZ filaments drives peptidoglycan
... shown above, the directional movements of FtsAZ/Pbp2B around the division plane suggest that FtsAZ circumferential motions could be coupled to the insertion of new PG. Next, we investigated the mechanism driving FtsAZ/Pbp2B motion. The coupled, circumferential motions of FtsAZ/Pbp2B appear similar t ...
... shown above, the directional movements of FtsAZ/Pbp2B around the division plane suggest that FtsAZ circumferential motions could be coupled to the insertion of new PG. Next, we investigated the mechanism driving FtsAZ/Pbp2B motion. The coupled, circumferential motions of FtsAZ/Pbp2B appear similar t ...
Worksheet
... Liquid water is made up of tiny particles which can move randomly. The potato is made of numerous cells and the cell structures (like cell wall and cell membrane) are also made up of other tiny particles. There are spaces between the particles of cell wall and cell membrane. Therefore, the water par ...
... Liquid water is made up of tiny particles which can move randomly. The potato is made of numerous cells and the cell structures (like cell wall and cell membrane) are also made up of other tiny particles. There are spaces between the particles of cell wall and cell membrane. Therefore, the water par ...
Multiple Inducers of the Drosophila Heat Shock Locus 93D (hsro
... shock. In both stressed and control cells, three transcripts (Fig. 1) are detected, all with the same transcription start site (Ryseck et al., 1987; Garbe, J. C., unpublished observations). The exact size of each transcript varies slightly among the Drosophila species, but the general pattern of tra ...
... shock. In both stressed and control cells, three transcripts (Fig. 1) are detected, all with the same transcription start site (Ryseck et al., 1987; Garbe, J. C., unpublished observations). The exact size of each transcript varies slightly among the Drosophila species, but the general pattern of tra ...
the Golgi Apparatus as the central station of the
... particles such as viruses, bacteria, intracellular parasites and inert complexes. It takes place only in certain cell types such as macrophages and neutrophils. 3. The recycling pathway. Certain membrane components enter the cell but once the load is released, they are returned to the plasma membran ...
... particles such as viruses, bacteria, intracellular parasites and inert complexes. It takes place only in certain cell types such as macrophages and neutrophils. 3. The recycling pathway. Certain membrane components enter the cell but once the load is released, they are returned to the plasma membran ...
Beyond ergosterol
... Another critical consequence of disabling V-ATPase is inhibition of filamentous growth, as was observed for the vma7-/- strain of C. albicans in the presence of serum or liquid Spider medium (with mannitol).26 Fluconazole treatment and ERG3 deletion have both been shown to inhibit filamentation,28, ...
... Another critical consequence of disabling V-ATPase is inhibition of filamentous growth, as was observed for the vma7-/- strain of C. albicans in the presence of serum or liquid Spider medium (with mannitol).26 Fluconazole treatment and ERG3 deletion have both been shown to inhibit filamentation,28, ...
filtration of a bacterial fermentation broth: harvest conditions
... equation (3) assumes this plot being linear. Some authors have reported that it was not always true implying differing period for cake build-up mechanism: an early period caused by the contact between broth components and membrane material and a subsequent period ...
... equation (3) assumes this plot being linear. Some authors have reported that it was not always true implying differing period for cake build-up mechanism: an early period caused by the contact between broth components and membrane material and a subsequent period ...
Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
... to intravenous glucose, despite the fact that β–cells in type 2 diabetes clearly contain insulin. Second: delivery of non-glucose secretagogues can acutely increase insulin release but dose not result in equivalent responses to those seen with similar stimulation in healthy subjects. Third: although ...
... to intravenous glucose, despite the fact that β–cells in type 2 diabetes clearly contain insulin. Second: delivery of non-glucose secretagogues can acutely increase insulin release but dose not result in equivalent responses to those seen with similar stimulation in healthy subjects. Third: although ...
Chapter 13 - Fission Yeast TOR and Rapamycin
... distance between these two yeasts is as far apart from each other as from higher eukaryotes [5]. Thus, processes that are conserved between budding and fission yeasts are often also conserved in higher eukaryotes. Previous studies of the two yeasts have taught us that cellular processes that at firs ...
... distance between these two yeasts is as far apart from each other as from higher eukaryotes [5]. Thus, processes that are conserved between budding and fission yeasts are often also conserved in higher eukaryotes. Previous studies of the two yeasts have taught us that cellular processes that at firs ...
A primer on the mouse basal body
... novo synthesis of centrioles in human cells is error prone, suggesting that the cell’s ability to construct a structurally accurate centriole may be facilitated by the existence of a pre-existing centriole [76]. Loss of mouse Sas4 (also called Cenpj) disrupts formation of centrioles, basal bodies, a ...
... novo synthesis of centrioles in human cells is error prone, suggesting that the cell’s ability to construct a structurally accurate centriole may be facilitated by the existence of a pre-existing centriole [76]. Loss of mouse Sas4 (also called Cenpj) disrupts formation of centrioles, basal bodies, a ...
Thermal Diffusion as a Mechanism for Biological
... surface of the cell by conduction only. An estimate for the rate of heat production can be m ade from data on the bacterial cells Escherichia coli [36], Production of protein constitutes about 90% of the energy balance of the cell. The average rate of production of protein molecules of 500 peptide b ...
... surface of the cell by conduction only. An estimate for the rate of heat production can be m ade from data on the bacterial cells Escherichia coli [36], Production of protein constitutes about 90% of the energy balance of the cell. The average rate of production of protein molecules of 500 peptide b ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
... al., 2006), where proteins involved in actin nucleation such as WASP (Linder et al., 1999; Mizutani et al., 2002), Arp2/3 and cortactin (Bowden et al., 1999; Linder et al., 2000; Pfaff and Jurdic, 2001; Artym et al., 2006; Bowden et al., 2006; Luxenburg et al., 2006; Tehrani et al., 2006; Webb et al ...
... al., 2006), where proteins involved in actin nucleation such as WASP (Linder et al., 1999; Mizutani et al., 2002), Arp2/3 and cortactin (Bowden et al., 1999; Linder et al., 2000; Pfaff and Jurdic, 2001; Artym et al., 2006; Bowden et al., 2006; Luxenburg et al., 2006; Tehrani et al., 2006; Webb et al ...
perinuclear dense bodies: characterization as dna
... nucleus the DNA is evenly distributed throughout the nucleus and that its location is not restricted to a certain part of the giant primary nucleus. The distinct labelling of the PB by the DNase-coated gold particles represents additional evidence for the occurrence of DNA in the perinuclear region, ...
... nucleus the DNA is evenly distributed throughout the nucleus and that its location is not restricted to a certain part of the giant primary nucleus. The distinct labelling of the PB by the DNase-coated gold particles represents additional evidence for the occurrence of DNA in the perinuclear region, ...
The laws of cell energetics
... processes. In the great majority of bioenergetic processes, such a coupling is carried out with the use of one of the three abovementioned energy currencies. I t does not mean, however, that other components cannot, in principle, be used as couplers. For example, phosphoenolpyruvate (P-pyruvate), an ...
... processes. In the great majority of bioenergetic processes, such a coupling is carried out with the use of one of the three abovementioned energy currencies. I t does not mean, however, that other components cannot, in principle, be used as couplers. For example, phosphoenolpyruvate (P-pyruvate), an ...
Ribosome biogenesis factors bind a nuclear envelope SUN domain
... cope with this, cells must tightly regulate ribosome biogenesis (reviewed by Warner, 1999 and Moss, 2004). A combination of TAP purification and proteome analysis has revealed that around 200 non-ribosomal proteins are required for pre-rRNA processing and assembly of the 60S and 40S subunits in Sacc ...
... cope with this, cells must tightly regulate ribosome biogenesis (reviewed by Warner, 1999 and Moss, 2004). A combination of TAP purification and proteome analysis has revealed that around 200 non-ribosomal proteins are required for pre-rRNA processing and assembly of the 60S and 40S subunits in Sacc ...
The syndapin protein family: linking membrane trafficking with the
... Kelly, 2000; Modregger et al., 2000); they might thus connect the actin cytoskeleton with dynamin-mediated vesicle fission (Fig. 1). The in vivo relevance of this interaction is supported by studies showing coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous syndapin I and N-WASP (Qualmann et al., 1999) and by the ...
... Kelly, 2000; Modregger et al., 2000); they might thus connect the actin cytoskeleton with dynamin-mediated vesicle fission (Fig. 1). The in vivo relevance of this interaction is supported by studies showing coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous syndapin I and N-WASP (Qualmann et al., 1999) and by the ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.