action potential - HCC Learning Web
... Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to a change in membrane potential When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse into the cell The movement of Na+ into the cell increases the depolarization and causes even more Na+ channels to open A strong stimulus re ...
... Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels respond to a change in membrane potential When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to diffuse into the cell The movement of Na+ into the cell increases the depolarization and causes even more Na+ channels to open A strong stimulus re ...
Reactivity of murine cytokine fusion toxin, diphtheria toxin390-murine
... chain reaction (PCR) by using 5.5 ng plasmid containing the cDNA of DT mutant cross-reacting material (CRM107) as a template with primers a and b. Primer a created an NCOI restriction site, an ATG initiation codon, and the coding sequence of the first 7 amino acids of the DT molecule. Primer b intro ...
... chain reaction (PCR) by using 5.5 ng plasmid containing the cDNA of DT mutant cross-reacting material (CRM107) as a template with primers a and b. Primer a created an NCOI restriction site, an ATG initiation codon, and the coding sequence of the first 7 amino acids of the DT molecule. Primer b intro ...
Neural Transmission
... Resting potential is the potential maintained by the inactive neuron. When unstimulated, a neuron is like a small battery and has a measurable negative electrical charge (about 70 millivolts) called the resting potential. Action potential is the potential produced when appropriate stimulation is hi ...
... Resting potential is the potential maintained by the inactive neuron. When unstimulated, a neuron is like a small battery and has a measurable negative electrical charge (about 70 millivolts) called the resting potential. Action potential is the potential produced when appropriate stimulation is hi ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall
... Various data support the role of cellulose fibres in plasma membrane–cell wall adhesion (reviewed in Cvřcková, 2013; Martinière and Runions, 2013). Interestingly, cellulose has recently been shown to restrict plasma membrane protein diffusion, which may explain the slow diffusion of plant plasma mem ...
... Various data support the role of cellulose fibres in plasma membrane–cell wall adhesion (reviewed in Cvřcková, 2013; Martinière and Runions, 2013). Interestingly, cellulose has recently been shown to restrict plasma membrane protein diffusion, which may explain the slow diffusion of plant plasma mem ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall continuum
... support a model in which diffusion of proteins in the plasma membrane may be regulated by interactions between their extracellular domains and cellulose (Martinière et al., 2011; Martinière and Runions, 2013; Fig. 1). However, among the tested proteins above, only AtFH1 has an extracellular domain ...
... support a model in which diffusion of proteins in the plasma membrane may be regulated by interactions between their extracellular domains and cellulose (Martinière et al., 2011; Martinière and Runions, 2013; Fig. 1). However, among the tested proteins above, only AtFH1 has an extracellular domain ...
Comparative Biochemistry of the Oxidative Burst Produced by Rose
... indirectly to mortality. However, in at least one case it has been shown that an oxidative burst by itself is not sufficient to trigger programmed cell death (Glazener et al., 1996). The oxidative burst is often a very rapid response, occurring within seconds in some systems, such as cultured cells ...
... indirectly to mortality. However, in at least one case it has been shown that an oxidative burst by itself is not sufficient to trigger programmed cell death (Glazener et al., 1996). The oxidative burst is often a very rapid response, occurring within seconds in some systems, such as cultured cells ...
between TLRs and FcRs Polyfunctional Th Cells by Cross
... During secondary immune responses, Ab-opsonized bacteria are efficiently taken up via FcRs by dendritic cells. We now demonstrate that this process induces cross-talk between FcRs and TLRs, which results in synergistic release of several inflammatory cytokines, as well as altered lipid metabolite pr ...
... During secondary immune responses, Ab-opsonized bacteria are efficiently taken up via FcRs by dendritic cells. We now demonstrate that this process induces cross-talk between FcRs and TLRs, which results in synergistic release of several inflammatory cytokines, as well as altered lipid metabolite pr ...
Mechanism of platelet dense granule biogenesis: study of cargo
... of these granules.1,2 In contrast, DG biogenesis and secretion have been identified as targets for antithrombotic drugs.3-5 Despite the importance of DGs for human health, very little is known about their biogenesis. DGs are synthesized in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes (MKs). These cells are dif ...
... of these granules.1,2 In contrast, DG biogenesis and secretion have been identified as targets for antithrombotic drugs.3-5 Despite the importance of DGs for human health, very little is known about their biogenesis. DGs are synthesized in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes (MKs). These cells are dif ...
Development
... revealed that this phenotype was caused by overexpression of the novel gene LNG1, which was found to have a homolog, LNG2, in Arabidopsis. To further examine the role of the LNG genes, we characterized lng1 and lng2 loss-of-function mutant lines. In contrast to the elongated leaves of lng1-1D plants ...
... revealed that this phenotype was caused by overexpression of the novel gene LNG1, which was found to have a homolog, LNG2, in Arabidopsis. To further examine the role of the LNG genes, we characterized lng1 and lng2 loss-of-function mutant lines. In contrast to the elongated leaves of lng1-1D plants ...
Proteolysis and orientation in Dictyostelium slugs
... which it was placed on one side of the tip of a migrating slug. If papain (5.5 mg ml-l) was used, after 2 to 10 min the slug tip would take a sharp turn away from the side where the bead was placed (Fig. 2 a ; Table 1). Because it was known from previous work that papain digested the slime sheath (W ...
... which it was placed on one side of the tip of a migrating slug. If papain (5.5 mg ml-l) was used, after 2 to 10 min the slug tip would take a sharp turn away from the side where the bead was placed (Fig. 2 a ; Table 1). Because it was known from previous work that papain digested the slime sheath (W ...
Hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in intracellular pH of
... cycle and cell death, little is known about how the signal is perceived and transduced in plant cells. Previous studies have unraveled that H2O2, similar to ABA, regulates stomatal movement via an increase in [Ca2+]i as a second messenger[10,11]. Intracellular pH regulation is a characteristic and n ...
... cycle and cell death, little is known about how the signal is perceived and transduced in plant cells. Previous studies have unraveled that H2O2, similar to ABA, regulates stomatal movement via an increase in [Ca2+]i as a second messenger[10,11]. Intracellular pH regulation is a characteristic and n ...
Stamen Structure and Function
... sequentially from the floral meristem (Figure 1). The third whorl in Arabidopsis flowers contains six stamens, four medial (long) and two lateral (short). Stamen primordia in Arabidopsis appear during floral stage 5 (defined by Smyth et al., 1990)/anther stage 1 (Sanders et al., 1999), with the long ...
... sequentially from the floral meristem (Figure 1). The third whorl in Arabidopsis flowers contains six stamens, four medial (long) and two lateral (short). Stamen primordia in Arabidopsis appear during floral stage 5 (defined by Smyth et al., 1990)/anther stage 1 (Sanders et al., 1999), with the long ...
Cancer stem cell definitions and terminology: the devil is - e
... the surrounding tissue or organ (dashed rectangles) and hence these do not produce an overt malignancy. In this first phase of cancer evolution (phase I), neoplastic stem cells (indicated by blue outlines) are pre-malignant stem cells. However, if one or more subclones acquires a particular profile ...
... the surrounding tissue or organ (dashed rectangles) and hence these do not produce an overt malignancy. In this first phase of cancer evolution (phase I), neoplastic stem cells (indicated by blue outlines) are pre-malignant stem cells. However, if one or more subclones acquires a particular profile ...
D:Int Agrophysics -2Cybulskacybulska.vp - Research
... in the natural state. An alternative is creating of a model artificial cell wall consisting of polysaccharides which imitate properties of the natural cell wall. Polysaccharides network based on bacterial cellulose supplemented with xyloglucan and pectin was proposed as the model cell wall. In this ...
... in the natural state. An alternative is creating of a model artificial cell wall consisting of polysaccharides which imitate properties of the natural cell wall. Polysaccharides network based on bacterial cellulose supplemented with xyloglucan and pectin was proposed as the model cell wall. In this ...
Blood Stem Cell Activity Is Arrested by Th1
... (H2k) recipients were treated with 400 cGy of total body irradiation (TBI) and infused with AKR/J (H2K) grafts. Grafts contained 3000 FACS-purified KTLS-HSCs, or HSCs plus unfractionated splenic T cells or 1 3 106 selected CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. All recipients survived and only transient weight loss ...
... (H2k) recipients were treated with 400 cGy of total body irradiation (TBI) and infused with AKR/J (H2K) grafts. Grafts contained 3000 FACS-purified KTLS-HSCs, or HSCs plus unfractionated splenic T cells or 1 3 106 selected CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. All recipients survived and only transient weight loss ...
Evolutionarily conserved cytogenetic changes in
... nonrandom cytogenetic abnormalities in human leukemia and lymphoma was recognized over 40 years ago, but the mechanisms of genome reorganization remain incompletely understood. The development of molecular cytogenetics, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology, has played a signifi ...
... nonrandom cytogenetic abnormalities in human leukemia and lymphoma was recognized over 40 years ago, but the mechanisms of genome reorganization remain incompletely understood. The development of molecular cytogenetics, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology, has played a signifi ...
bundle sheath defective, a mutation that disrupts cellular
... protein accumulation patterns, equivalent amounts of M cellspecific transcripts are seen in both wild-type and mutant leaves whereas BS cell-specific transcripts are greatly reduced in mutant leaves as compared to wild-type (Fig. 4). PEPCase transcript and protein levels were slightly higher in muta ...
... protein accumulation patterns, equivalent amounts of M cellspecific transcripts are seen in both wild-type and mutant leaves whereas BS cell-specific transcripts are greatly reduced in mutant leaves as compared to wild-type (Fig. 4). PEPCase transcript and protein levels were slightly higher in muta ...
Tonic and burst firing: dual modes of
... Fig. I. Properties of IT and the low threshold spike (LTS). All examples are from relay cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat, recorded intracellularly from an in vitro slice preparation. (a),(b) Voltage dependency of the LTS. Responses to the same depolarizing current pulse delivered intra ...
... Fig. I. Properties of IT and the low threshold spike (LTS). All examples are from relay cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat, recorded intracellularly from an in vitro slice preparation. (a),(b) Voltage dependency of the LTS. Responses to the same depolarizing current pulse delivered intra ...
File - Nepal Pharmacy
... • Hypertonic Solution - one solution has a higher concentration of solute than another. • Isotonic Solution - both solutions have same concentrations of solute. presentation by: Mahendra Kandel ...
... • Hypertonic Solution - one solution has a higher concentration of solute than another. • Isotonic Solution - both solutions have same concentrations of solute. presentation by: Mahendra Kandel ...
Cellular Membranes
... substances across a membrane – One substance moves across a membrane UP a concentration gradient – One substance moves across a membrane DOWN a concentration gradient – The movements of the substance DOWN a concentration gradient releases energy which the carrier uses to “flip-flop” between conforma ...
... substances across a membrane – One substance moves across a membrane UP a concentration gradient – One substance moves across a membrane DOWN a concentration gradient – The movements of the substance DOWN a concentration gradient releases energy which the carrier uses to “flip-flop” between conforma ...
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca
... Ca2⫹ current (ICa,L) was accomplished by replacing intrapipette K⫹ with cesium (Cs⫹) and adding 5 mM CsCl to external solutions to block K⫹ currents. Access resistance stabilized at 10–15 M⍀ within 5–10 min of forming a gigaseal. Action potentials (bridge) and ionic currents (discontinuous single-el ...
... Ca2⫹ current (ICa,L) was accomplished by replacing intrapipette K⫹ with cesium (Cs⫹) and adding 5 mM CsCl to external solutions to block K⫹ currents. Access resistance stabilized at 10–15 M⍀ within 5–10 min of forming a gigaseal. Action potentials (bridge) and ionic currents (discontinuous single-el ...
Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca - AJP
... Ca2⫹ current (ICa,L) was accomplished by replacing intrapipette K⫹ with cesium (Cs⫹) and adding 5 mM CsCl to external solutions to block K⫹ currents. Access resistance stabilized at 10–15 M⍀ within 5–10 min of forming a gigaseal. Action potentials (bridge) and ionic currents (discontinuous single-el ...
... Ca2⫹ current (ICa,L) was accomplished by replacing intrapipette K⫹ with cesium (Cs⫹) and adding 5 mM CsCl to external solutions to block K⫹ currents. Access resistance stabilized at 10–15 M⍀ within 5–10 min of forming a gigaseal. Action potentials (bridge) and ionic currents (discontinuous single-el ...
Direct conversion of root primordium into shoot meristem relies on
... transformation of a root primordium into a functional shoot meristem. Based on the analysis of cell boundaries in fixed tissues, very few morphological changes occur after the first 24 h of 2-iP treatment, indicating that mitotic activity rapidly decreases upon transfer from NAA to 2-iP medium (Fig. ...
... transformation of a root primordium into a functional shoot meristem. Based on the analysis of cell boundaries in fixed tissues, very few morphological changes occur after the first 24 h of 2-iP treatment, indicating that mitotic activity rapidly decreases upon transfer from NAA to 2-iP medium (Fig. ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.