The Ecological Atlantic
... new and welcome addition. Animal fat rendered tallow for candles, without which the underground mining of Zacatecas and Potosí would have proved far more challenging. All but the horse became important food sources throughout Atlantic America, providing more protein, which previously Amerindians had ...
... new and welcome addition. Animal fat rendered tallow for candles, without which the underground mining of Zacatecas and Potosí would have proved far more challenging. All but the horse became important food sources throughout Atlantic America, providing more protein, which previously Amerindians had ...
Chapter 4 Part 2 - Learn District 196
... 1. If the Habitat is WHERE the organism lives within an ecosystem, then the Niche is HOW the organism lives. 2. (a Niche describes what the organism’s place in the food web is and within which range of biotic and abiotic factors it can survive) ...
... 1. If the Habitat is WHERE the organism lives within an ecosystem, then the Niche is HOW the organism lives. 2. (a Niche describes what the organism’s place in the food web is and within which range of biotic and abiotic factors it can survive) ...
FOOD WEBS
... showing a tendency to return to an equilibrium density when perturbed from it. (ii) The requirement of stability imposes constraints on the patterns of how species should be connected—that is, food web structure. (iii) Empirically, food webs are structured—they differ from what one would expect by c ...
... showing a tendency to return to an equilibrium density when perturbed from it. (ii) The requirement of stability imposes constraints on the patterns of how species should be connected—that is, food web structure. (iii) Empirically, food webs are structured—they differ from what one would expect by c ...
Effects of lower trophic level biomass and water temperature on fish
... Yet other approaches focus on the species probability of occurrence as a func- ...
... Yet other approaches focus on the species probability of occurrence as a func- ...
Trophically Unique Species Are Vulnerable to Cascading Extinction Linköping University Postprint
... Lotka-Volterra equations: dx i /dt p x i(bi ⫹ 冘jp1 a ij x j ), for i p 1, … , S, where xi is the density of species i, bi is its intrinsic growth (plants) or death (herbivores and predators) rate, and aij is the per capita effect of species j on the intrinsic growth/death rate of species i. The grow ...
... Lotka-Volterra equations: dx i /dt p x i(bi ⫹ 冘jp1 a ij x j ), for i p 1, … , S, where xi is the density of species i, bi is its intrinsic growth (plants) or death (herbivores and predators) rate, and aij is the per capita effect of species j on the intrinsic growth/death rate of species i. The grow ...
Functional approaches to restoration
... Basic assumption: Species richness and abundance are limited by degree of physical habitat heterogeneity “If you build it, they will come” Kerr et al. 2001 ...
... Basic assumption: Species richness and abundance are limited by degree of physical habitat heterogeneity “If you build it, they will come” Kerr et al. 2001 ...
Reprint
... factors, and each species affects the availability or fluctuations of those factors in a way that it decreases its own fitness when it becomes abundant [32]. This endogenous control of the resource dynamics is the main difference to the storage effect, the other commonly discussed coexistence mechan ...
... factors, and each species affects the availability or fluctuations of those factors in a way that it decreases its own fitness when it becomes abundant [32]. This endogenous control of the resource dynamics is the main difference to the storage effect, the other commonly discussed coexistence mechan ...
Evolutionary responses to environmental change: trophic
... system, the singular strategy ss plant thermal trait zP is always to match the temperature of the environment T (dashed line). For uncorrelated traits, thermal traits zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlate ...
... system, the singular strategy ss plant thermal trait zP is always to match the temperature of the environment T (dashed line). For uncorrelated traits, thermal traits zP ¼ zH ¼ T for all values of plant thermal niche width wP (interaction traits sP and sH depend on initial conditions). For correlate ...
Biology and Ecology of Juvenile Procambarus alleni and
... environments. Studies of water depth, hydroperiod, and water quality are also needed, to understand how P. alleni and P. fallax can coexist, on a microhabitat level. Little is known about tolerances of either species to water quality factors such as oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity, or pH fo ...
... environments. Studies of water depth, hydroperiod, and water quality are also needed, to understand how P. alleni and P. fallax can coexist, on a microhabitat level. Little is known about tolerances of either species to water quality factors such as oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity, or pH fo ...
Supporting Information Legends to Fig. S1, Table S1 and
... Fig. S1 The surface elevation table-marker horizon (SET-MH) system is used to measure elevation change and accretion in mangrove forests. (a) SET in a mangrove forest in Belize. The measuring arm is attached to a benchmark rod and leveled; pins are lowered to the soil surface and the distance above ...
... Fig. S1 The surface elevation table-marker horizon (SET-MH) system is used to measure elevation change and accretion in mangrove forests. (a) SET in a mangrove forest in Belize. The measuring arm is attached to a benchmark rod and leveled; pins are lowered to the soil surface and the distance above ...
Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
... s human-driven ecosystem simplification and species losses accelerate worldwide, a growing body of experimental and theoretical literature has emerged to examine the effects of biodiversity losses on ecosystem functioning. Syntheses in this field suggest that the relationship between species richness ...
... s human-driven ecosystem simplification and species losses accelerate worldwide, a growing body of experimental and theoretical literature has emerged to examine the effects of biodiversity losses on ecosystem functioning. Syntheses in this field suggest that the relationship between species richness ...
Effects of predator richness on prey suppression: a metaanalysis
... of resource densities (e.g., total soil N for plant studies; plant biomass for herbivore studies). This yielded 34 herbivore-level studies, 15 producer-level studies, and 32 detritivore-level studies to compare to the 46 predatorlevel studies. To control for the generally higher levels of species ri ...
... of resource densities (e.g., total soil N for plant studies; plant biomass for herbivore studies). This yielded 34 herbivore-level studies, 15 producer-level studies, and 32 detritivore-level studies to compare to the 46 predatorlevel studies. To control for the generally higher levels of species ri ...
American Journal of Botany
... Over the past several decades, a rapidly expanding field of research known as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has begun to quantify how the world’s biological diversity can, as an independent variable, control ecological processes that are both essential for, and fundamental to, the functioni ...
... Over the past several decades, a rapidly expanding field of research known as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has begun to quantify how the world’s biological diversity can, as an independent variable, control ecological processes that are both essential for, and fundamental to, the functioni ...
American Journal of Botany
... Over the past several decades, a rapidly expanding field of research known as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has begun to quantify how the world’s biological diversity can, as an independent variable, control ecological processes that are both essential for, and fundamental to, the functioni ...
... Over the past several decades, a rapidly expanding field of research known as biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has begun to quantify how the world’s biological diversity can, as an independent variable, control ecological processes that are both essential for, and fundamental to, the functioni ...
Organisms and food webs in rock pools
... Tedengren M., Am& M. & Kautsky N. (1988) Ecophysiology and stress response of marine and brackish water Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to changes in salinity and exposure to cadmium and diesel-oil. ...
... Tedengren M., Am& M. & Kautsky N. (1988) Ecophysiology and stress response of marine and brackish water Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to changes in salinity and exposure to cadmium and diesel-oil. ...
The niche, biogeography and species interactions
... Lomolino et al. [2], in which ecology goes largely unmentioned in the chapter on historical biogeography. On the other hand, ecologists have often tended to ignore biogeography (but with some important exceptions; [3,4]). For example, ecologists often do not study how large-scale biogeographic histo ...
... Lomolino et al. [2], in which ecology goes largely unmentioned in the chapter on historical biogeography. On the other hand, ecologists have often tended to ignore biogeography (but with some important exceptions; [3,4]). For example, ecologists often do not study how large-scale biogeographic histo ...
Representations of the ecological niche
... value(s), henceforth called condition to avoid misinterpretation. Each condition is a biotic or abiotic factor (also called a resource in ecology) with specific values to which a species is adapted, such as its diet, activity pattern, and number of young. The F uN has the maximum hypervolume for the ...
... value(s), henceforth called condition to avoid misinterpretation. Each condition is a biotic or abiotic factor (also called a resource in ecology) with specific values to which a species is adapted, such as its diet, activity pattern, and number of young. The F uN has the maximum hypervolume for the ...
Microbial interactions: from networks to models
... will prevent other bird species that are adapted to the same niche from settling on the same island, allowing competitive exclusion to be deduced from ‘checkerboard’-like presence–absence patterns. This study sparked a decades-long discussion about the importance of such assembly rules in the format ...
... will prevent other bird species that are adapted to the same niche from settling on the same island, allowing competitive exclusion to be deduced from ‘checkerboard’-like presence–absence patterns. This study sparked a decades-long discussion about the importance of such assembly rules in the format ...
Applying Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Theory to Turfgrass
... Similarly, distantly related species (larger phylogenetic diversity) are thought to be less similar in their functional traits, ecological niches, and life history strategies and are therefore more complementary than two closely related species (Cadotte et al., 2008, 2009). The value of biodiversity ...
... Similarly, distantly related species (larger phylogenetic diversity) are thought to be less similar in their functional traits, ecological niches, and life history strategies and are therefore more complementary than two closely related species (Cadotte et al., 2008, 2009). The value of biodiversity ...
Effects of cattle grazing on small mammal communities in the
... that small mammals play in ecosystems, it is necessary to explore their response to grazing if we hope to fully understand the ecological consequences of cattle grazing and develop sustainable land use strategies. Manipulated experiments have proved to be an important method to answer this question. ...
... that small mammals play in ecosystems, it is necessary to explore their response to grazing if we hope to fully understand the ecological consequences of cattle grazing and develop sustainable land use strategies. Manipulated experiments have proved to be an important method to answer this question. ...
Ecology Test Review
... Phosphorus They are important because these elements are essential to life for all living things. ...
... Phosphorus They are important because these elements are essential to life for all living things. ...
Unveiling a mechanism for species decline in fragmented habitats
... rates—Allee effects [25,26]. So, a ripple feedbacks may cascade through the ecosystem. With these queries in mind, here we shall study how landscape fragmentation affects biological encounter rates. We consider a widely studied model [27], which is able to capture the essential ingredients in foragi ...
... rates—Allee effects [25,26]. So, a ripple feedbacks may cascade through the ecosystem. With these queries in mind, here we shall study how landscape fragmentation affects biological encounter rates. We consider a widely studied model [27], which is able to capture the essential ingredients in foragi ...
Ecological Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Higher Plants
... design and variance is known. The power of a test will increase with an increased number of replicates. In some cases additional pretrials are needed to estimate the level of statistical variation. For methods, see standard statistics textbooks, e.g.Sokal and Rohlf (1995) and Cohen (1988). The effec ...
... design and variance is known. The power of a test will increase with an increased number of replicates. In some cases additional pretrials are needed to estimate the level of statistical variation. For methods, see standard statistics textbooks, e.g.Sokal and Rohlf (1995) and Cohen (1988). The effec ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.