The Evolutionary Ecology of Carnivorous Plants
... forecasting, through plant-plant and nonconsumer plant-animal interactions, to community-level studies of competitive dynamics, assembly rules, metapopulations, and metacommunities. Here, we synthesize these presentations through a combination of a literature review and presentation of newly publish ...
... forecasting, through plant-plant and nonconsumer plant-animal interactions, to community-level studies of competitive dynamics, assembly rules, metapopulations, and metacommunities. Here, we synthesize these presentations through a combination of a literature review and presentation of newly publish ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Effects in Pitcher Plant
... community patterns. Yet, evolution in response to strong selection pressure might affect species interactions and alter ecological patterns on a relatively short time scale. Conversely, evolutionary studies are typically limited to examining the evolution of traits in response to, at most, one other ...
... community patterns. Yet, evolution in response to strong selection pressure might affect species interactions and alter ecological patterns on a relatively short time scale. Conversely, evolutionary studies are typically limited to examining the evolution of traits in response to, at most, one other ...
Ecology and Evolution 5(1)
... David Lack, who are often credited with the concept’s inception. Simpson (1944) wrote “The availability of a new adaptive zone does not depend alone on its physical existence. . ., but also on its being open to other occupants (i.e., empty) or so sparsely or marginally occupied that it involves no g ...
... David Lack, who are often credited with the concept’s inception. Simpson (1944) wrote “The availability of a new adaptive zone does not depend alone on its physical existence. . ., but also on its being open to other occupants (i.e., empty) or so sparsely or marginally occupied that it involves no g ...
Reducing Livestock Effects on Public Lands in the Western United
... livestock from western rangelands.’’ These position statements, however, as well as those of the Society for Conservation Biology (Fleischner et al. 1994), conclude that public-land grazing impacts need to be dramatically reduced to allow recovery of degraded ecosystems—an explicit recommendation of ...
... livestock from western rangelands.’’ These position statements, however, as well as those of the Society for Conservation Biology (Fleischner et al. 1994), conclude that public-land grazing impacts need to be dramatically reduced to allow recovery of degraded ecosystems—an explicit recommendation of ...
Managing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation in
... to work sympathetically, it is essential that we identify real threats and opportunities when managing for both. Misunder- ...
... to work sympathetically, it is essential that we identify real threats and opportunities when managing for both. Misunder- ...
- Wiley Online Library
... (Kenis et al. 2009; Box 2). We exclude examples of vectors of human disease, as they have been reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g., Veracx and Raoult 2012; Vontas et al. 2012; Williams 2012), and they involve factors (such as demographic history and genetic variation in resistance) that are beyond ...
... (Kenis et al. 2009; Box 2). We exclude examples of vectors of human disease, as they have been reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g., Veracx and Raoult 2012; Vontas et al. 2012; Williams 2012), and they involve factors (such as demographic history and genetic variation in resistance) that are beyond ...
MULTIPLE CONTROLS OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND
... dynamics of populations and communities. Bottom-up and top-down forces do not act in isolation, they vary within and among systems (e.g., Power 1992, Menge 2000), and their relative strength in determining community structure and dynamics is context dependent (e.g., Worm et al. 2002, Hughes et al. 2 ...
... dynamics of populations and communities. Bottom-up and top-down forces do not act in isolation, they vary within and among systems (e.g., Power 1992, Menge 2000), and their relative strength in determining community structure and dynamics is context dependent (e.g., Worm et al. 2002, Hughes et al. 2 ...
Scaling from individuals to networks in food webs
... to generate the eventual food-web structure. Often, the model is framed to be conducive to straightforward verification from empirical data. Population-level models can thus be thought of as an attempt to explicitly consider ecological realism, in contrast to the phenomenological models discussed pre ...
... to generate the eventual food-web structure. Often, the model is framed to be conducive to straightforward verification from empirical data. Population-level models can thus be thought of as an attempt to explicitly consider ecological realism, in contrast to the phenomenological models discussed pre ...
Potential impacts of ocean acidification on the Puget Sound food web
... waters to the surface, while tributaries draining the surrounding lowlands and mountain ranges deposit low-pH, low alkalinity waters, further decreasing Puget Sound’s pH and buffering capacity. Biological activity and restrictions in water flow contribute to high pH variability observed in this and ...
... waters to the surface, while tributaries draining the surrounding lowlands and mountain ranges deposit low-pH, low alkalinity waters, further decreasing Puget Sound’s pH and buffering capacity. Biological activity and restrictions in water flow contribute to high pH variability observed in this and ...
The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the
... alrts occur at nloderate population densities other barnacle species present were Balanzis crenthroughout the intert~dalzone, more abundantly a t u s Brug and V e r r u c a s t r o e f ~ z i a( 0 .F Muller), when B a l a n l ~ s ba1nnozdr.s is sparse or absent both found In small numbers only at and ...
... alrts occur at nloderate population densities other barnacle species present were Balanzis crenthroughout the intert~dalzone, more abundantly a t u s Brug and V e r r u c a s t r o e f ~ z i a( 0 .F Muller), when B a l a n l ~ s ba1nnozdr.s is sparse or absent both found In small numbers only at and ...
The ecology of recovery
... Differences in resource use within a population can cause recovery rate to be influenced by the age-, size-, sex- or stage-structure of the population. For example, in species with ontogenetic niche shift, age (or size) groups may grow differently following a disturbance because they use different f ...
... Differences in resource use within a population can cause recovery rate to be influenced by the age-, size-, sex- or stage-structure of the population. For example, in species with ontogenetic niche shift, age (or size) groups may grow differently following a disturbance because they use different f ...
Biodiversity as spatial insurance: the effects of habitat fragmentation
... loss. Indeed, strong synergies between habitat fragmentation and climate change are expected (Holt 1990, Travis 2003) and will likely compound the loss of biodiversity at local and regional scales. The threat of widespread and rapid loss of biodiversity across most regions has prompted two decades o ...
... loss. Indeed, strong synergies between habitat fragmentation and climate change are expected (Holt 1990, Travis 2003) and will likely compound the loss of biodiversity at local and regional scales. The threat of widespread and rapid loss of biodiversity across most regions has prompted two decades o ...
BIO 315 MART Perfect Education-bio315mart.com
... www.bio315mart.com Resources: Field Study by Beren Robinson in Ch. 5 of Elements of Ecology Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the important aspects of the study and how they relate to ecology and evolution. Describe original observations of researchers. Describe the study in detail: ·Resea ...
... www.bio315mart.com Resources: Field Study by Beren Robinson in Ch. 5 of Elements of Ecology Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the important aspects of the study and how they relate to ecology and evolution. Describe original observations of researchers. Describe the study in detail: ·Resea ...
Ecological non-monotonicity and its effects on complexity and
... 1931). As shown in Fig. 2a, the fitness of many organisms as measured by reproduction and survival (which will determine the population’s increase rate) is often maximal in the middle of an environment gradient (e.g. temperature, salinity, rainfall). Fitness would decrease when the environment gradie ...
... 1931). As shown in Fig. 2a, the fitness of many organisms as measured by reproduction and survival (which will determine the population’s increase rate) is often maximal in the middle of an environment gradient (e.g. temperature, salinity, rainfall). Fitness would decrease when the environment gradie ...
2000 CRC Press LLC - Site de utilizadores
... community and a complement of native species from that community has been used in a planting scheme, then it is ecological restoration. Natural landscaping is the planting of a group of native species to meet some specific aesthetic, management, or design goals. There is generally a difference of in ...
... community and a complement of native species from that community has been used in a planting scheme, then it is ecological restoration. Natural landscaping is the planting of a group of native species to meet some specific aesthetic, management, or design goals. There is generally a difference of in ...
Ecology 4.1, 4.2, 5.1 Slides
... Three factors can affect population size: the number of births the number of deaths the number of individuals that enter or leave the population A population can grow when its birthrate is greater ...
... Three factors can affect population size: the number of births the number of deaths the number of individuals that enter or leave the population A population can grow when its birthrate is greater ...
Mixotrophy everywhere on land and in water
... endocytosis, can be involved. Absorbotrophy occurs in multicellular organisms, such as land plants and in virtually all algae. Because of this, some aquatic research scientists tend in practice to restrict the term mixotrophy to the combination of the next two strategies (Flynn et al. 2013), but we ...
... endocytosis, can be involved. Absorbotrophy occurs in multicellular organisms, such as land plants and in virtually all algae. Because of this, some aquatic research scientists tend in practice to restrict the term mixotrophy to the combination of the next two strategies (Flynn et al. 2013), but we ...
Overview of Ecological Responses to the Eruption of Mount St. Helens
... its effects on ecological and geophysical systems have many dimensions: a complex eruption affected an intricate landscape containing forests, meadows, lakes, and streams populated by diverse fauna and flora. This complexity created a rich environment and an exemplary living laboratory for study. Bec ...
... its effects on ecological and geophysical systems have many dimensions: a complex eruption affected an intricate landscape containing forests, meadows, lakes, and streams populated by diverse fauna and flora. This complexity created a rich environment and an exemplary living laboratory for study. Bec ...
D 56. Shachak et al. 2008. Woody sp.as landscape modulators
... Ecological research on organism-environment interactions has developed asymmetrically. Modulation of organisms by the environment has received much attention, while theoretical studies on the environmental impact of organisms have until recently been limited. We propose a theoretical framework for s ...
... Ecological research on organism-environment interactions has developed asymmetrically. Modulation of organisms by the environment has received much attention, while theoretical studies on the environmental impact of organisms have until recently been limited. We propose a theoretical framework for s ...
- Wiley Online Library
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
Shrubs as ecosystem engineers in a coastal dune: influences on
... ca.us): Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA. ...
... ca.us): Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA. ...
Grand Challenge 1
... climate on two copepod species, Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus, in an Arcticboreal sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 468:71–83. Relevance: Climate variables can have contrasting effects on different life stages of organisms and the effects can vary seasonally. Such complex responses are ecolog ...
... climate on two copepod species, Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus minutus, in an Arcticboreal sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 468:71–83. Relevance: Climate variables can have contrasting effects on different life stages of organisms and the effects can vary seasonally. Such complex responses are ecolog ...
Predicting rates of interspecific interaction from phylogenetic trees
... insight into the role phylogenetic information plays in shaping contemporary rates of interaction within communities. Specifically, expression (5b) reveals that the overall rate of interaction within communities where phenotype differences predominates will be completely independent of phylogeny – t ...
... insight into the role phylogenetic information plays in shaping contemporary rates of interaction within communities. Specifically, expression (5b) reveals that the overall rate of interaction within communities where phenotype differences predominates will be completely independent of phylogeny – t ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.