Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... Determination of differences in the intensity of any given odor is poor. The concentration of an odor-producing substance must be changed by about 30% before a difference can be detected. Adaptation It is common knowledge that when one is continuously exposed to even the most disagreeable odor, perc ...
... Determination of differences in the intensity of any given odor is poor. The concentration of an odor-producing substance must be changed by about 30% before a difference can be detected. Adaptation It is common knowledge that when one is continuously exposed to even the most disagreeable odor, perc ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... visuotopic organization, with the vertical meridian represented along their common boundary, and with upper fields represented ventrally and lower fields dorsally in each area. In addition, both areas have a prominent internal modularity related to the processing streams described in other chapters ...
... visuotopic organization, with the vertical meridian represented along their common boundary, and with upper fields represented ventrally and lower fields dorsally in each area. In addition, both areas have a prominent internal modularity related to the processing streams described in other chapters ...
pdf
... longitudinal fasciculus but they are separated from the superior longitudinal fasciculus by the corona radiata and internal capsule (Figure 4) on page 12. Inferior Occipitofrontal Fasciculus: The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus also connects the occipital and frontal lobes but is far inferior co ...
... longitudinal fasciculus but they are separated from the superior longitudinal fasciculus by the corona radiata and internal capsule (Figure 4) on page 12. Inferior Occipitofrontal Fasciculus: The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus also connects the occipital and frontal lobes but is far inferior co ...
Reinforcement Learning Using a Continuous Time Actor
... [28,29], even in the case of infinite (but countable) state space. This must be the case also for arbitrarily small time steps (such as the finite steps usually used in computer simulations of a continuous system [19]), and thus it seems reasonable to expect that the continuous version also converge ...
... [28,29], even in the case of infinite (but countable) state space. This must be the case also for arbitrarily small time steps (such as the finite steps usually used in computer simulations of a continuous system [19]), and thus it seems reasonable to expect that the continuous version also converge ...
Hearing Physiology - Virtual Learning Environment
... foot plate of the stapes outward. Eventually, it reduces sound transmission. Therefore, the loud sounds begin a reflex contraction of these muscles usually known as the Tympanic reflex or attenuation reflex. Function of Tympanic reflex is most likely twofold: 1. It protects cochlea and prevents stro ...
... foot plate of the stapes outward. Eventually, it reduces sound transmission. Therefore, the loud sounds begin a reflex contraction of these muscles usually known as the Tympanic reflex or attenuation reflex. Function of Tympanic reflex is most likely twofold: 1. It protects cochlea and prevents stro ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... 1.2 Neuromodulation of Plasticity and LTP: Focus on Acetylcholine The magnitude of LTP that can be induced at thalamocortical and intracortical synapses in V1 can be influenced by various neuromodulators. For example, in vitro studies suggest that serotonin lowers the amount of NMDA-dependent LTP t ...
... 1.2 Neuromodulation of Plasticity and LTP: Focus on Acetylcholine The magnitude of LTP that can be induced at thalamocortical and intracortical synapses in V1 can be influenced by various neuromodulators. For example, in vitro studies suggest that serotonin lowers the amount of NMDA-dependent LTP t ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to all three regions (15, 16). Figure 1 illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The acc ...
... accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to all three regions (15, 16). Figure 1 illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The acc ...
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
... accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to all three regions (15, 16). Figure 1 illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The acc ...
... accumbens, and they have revealed a neuronal circuit consisting of glutamatergic interconnections among the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic afferents to all three regions (15, 16). Figure 1 illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The acc ...
cerebral cortex - CM
... • Sensory stimuli (continued): • When CNS has received all different sensory inputs, it integrates them into a single perception (a conscious awareness of sensation) • Sensations can be grouped into two basic types: • Special senses – detected by special sense organs and include vision, hearing, equ ...
... • Sensory stimuli (continued): • When CNS has received all different sensory inputs, it integrates them into a single perception (a conscious awareness of sensation) • Sensations can be grouped into two basic types: • Special senses – detected by special sense organs and include vision, hearing, equ ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... presented with a behaviorally relevant stimulus requiring a response. However, the DA system appears to be primarily involved during the acquisition phase of this event, with little or no activation when the animal is overtrained on the task (Schultz). According to Schultz the DA neurons generate an ...
... presented with a behaviorally relevant stimulus requiring a response. However, the DA system appears to be primarily involved during the acquisition phase of this event, with little or no activation when the animal is overtrained on the task (Schultz). According to Schultz the DA neurons generate an ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
... As the initial examples illustrated, in order for a neuronal signal to have meaning for an organism, the signal must have projections that allow it to have a function in the organism’s activities. The function of neurons or neural representations is not just to provide a highly correlated and inform ...
I. Neurons are the anatomical elements of neural systems
... b. destruction of a particular part of the LGN will always produce a scotoma (an area of relative or complete blindness) in the same part of the visual field c. the fovea and surrounding areas are over-represented spatially in the LGN (the large # of foveally derived axons is evenly spread across th ...
... b. destruction of a particular part of the LGN will always produce a scotoma (an area of relative or complete blindness) in the same part of the visual field c. the fovea and surrounding areas are over-represented spatially in the LGN (the large # of foveally derived axons is evenly spread across th ...
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons may also be involved in modulating cortical processing of stimuli with conditioned or unconditioned rewarding properties because these neurons are more responsive to stimuli with a high incentive value. Novel stimuli that typically elicit orienting responses and a ...
... Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons may also be involved in modulating cortical processing of stimuli with conditioned or unconditioned rewarding properties because these neurons are more responsive to stimuli with a high incentive value. Novel stimuli that typically elicit orienting responses and a ...
connections of the cerebral cortex
... the albino rat. Numerous minute lesions have been made in all parts of the cortex. These have been traced by means of reconstructions to portray the resulting degenerations from these lesions. However, before such findings can be understood it is necessary t o have a n accurate plan of the topograph ...
... the albino rat. Numerous minute lesions have been made in all parts of the cortex. These have been traced by means of reconstructions to portray the resulting degenerations from these lesions. However, before such findings can be understood it is necessary t o have a n accurate plan of the topograph ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... 46 is never shown to have a common border with area 8, being separated from it by a cortical region that Brodmann (1909) included as part of area 9 (figure 2a,b). It is important to note that both Walker (1940) and subsequent investigators of the monkey prefrontal cortex (e.g. Barbas & Pandya 1989; ...
... 46 is never shown to have a common border with area 8, being separated from it by a cortical region that Brodmann (1909) included as part of area 9 (figure 2a,b). It is important to note that both Walker (1940) and subsequent investigators of the monkey prefrontal cortex (e.g. Barbas & Pandya 1989; ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... be easily combined with approaches to record neuronal data on the cellular and molecular level using e.g. genetic modifications, single cell recordings and cellular imaging. Most recently, such highresolution recordings have been increasingly obtained in awake animals during behavior. Thus, the roden ...
... be easily combined with approaches to record neuronal data on the cellular and molecular level using e.g. genetic modifications, single cell recordings and cellular imaging. Most recently, such highresolution recordings have been increasingly obtained in awake animals during behavior. Thus, the roden ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... projections, inhibition of Ce would be an efficient way of dampening multiple fear responses after extinction (Royer and Paré, 2002). It is not known, however, whether mPFC neurons can influence Ce excitability. To address this, we recorded the responses of Ce output neurons to cortical and basolat ...
... projections, inhibition of Ce would be an efficient way of dampening multiple fear responses after extinction (Royer and Paré, 2002). It is not known, however, whether mPFC neurons can influence Ce excitability. To address this, we recorded the responses of Ce output neurons to cortical and basolat ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... through a Wheatstone ,;tereoscope, arranged so that half the screen was devoted to the stimulus for each eye. The stereoscope mirrors we:re aligned for each animal so that the visual fields of the two eyes were in register. This was done by switching display of a fixation spot back and forth between ...
... through a Wheatstone ,;tereoscope, arranged so that half the screen was devoted to the stimulus for each eye. The stereoscope mirrors we:re aligned for each animal so that the visual fields of the two eyes were in register. This was done by switching display of a fixation spot back and forth between ...
Hubel 1977_Small
... from optic nerve fibres, and most of these cells in turn send their axons directly to the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex ...
... from optic nerve fibres, and most of these cells in turn send their axons directly to the cortex. Thus it is not unfair to say that it is basically a one-synapse station. The axons that form the output of the geniculates pass back in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres to the striate cortex ...
PDF
... of columns is of approximately same size in both cats and monkeys. The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in s ...
... of columns is of approximately same size in both cats and monkeys. The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in s ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... the substantia nigra started showing faint Mac2 immunoreactivity from 12 days (Figs 5A and 6A), which became more intense and widespread with increased age. Microglial activation was evident in both pars compacta [substantia nigra compacta (SNC)] and reticularis [substantia nigra reticulata (SNR)] o ...
... the substantia nigra started showing faint Mac2 immunoreactivity from 12 days (Figs 5A and 6A), which became more intense and widespread with increased age. Microglial activation was evident in both pars compacta [substantia nigra compacta (SNC)] and reticularis [substantia nigra reticulata (SNR)] o ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... stimulation of the body, and these medially-located structures are collectively referred to as the medial pain system. These include the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), which project to the limbic cortex, the periaqueductal grey, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)6 ...
... stimulation of the body, and these medially-located structures are collectively referred to as the medial pain system. These include the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), which project to the limbic cortex, the periaqueductal grey, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)6 ...
Cortex-inspired Developmental Learning for Vision-based Navigation, Attention and Recognition
... sensory space, but the lower level partitions the space finer than the upper level does. Each node has q feature detectors (q = 4 in the figure), which collectively determine to which child node that the current sensory input belongs. An arrow indicates a possible path of the signal flow. In every leaf ...
... sensory space, but the lower level partitions the space finer than the upper level does. Each node has q feature detectors (q = 4 in the figure), which collectively determine to which child node that the current sensory input belongs. An arrow indicates a possible path of the signal flow. In every leaf ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... stimulation in the dAM was not affected by CCI or sham surgery. Acute noxious stimulation in animals that received CCI exhibited increased c-Fos expression in the ventromedial (vAM) nucleus of the BST, a finding not evident in naïve or ...
... stimulation in the dAM was not affected by CCI or sham surgery. Acute noxious stimulation in animals that received CCI exhibited increased c-Fos expression in the ventromedial (vAM) nucleus of the BST, a finding not evident in naïve or ...