The spinothalamic tract: An examination of the cells of origin of the
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... the vertical and superior frontal lobes do not seem to be engaged in any basic motor functions. Behavioral deficiencies after lesions or removal of the VL were revealed only when the animals had to learn new tasks or perform tasks, such as visual discrimination, learned before the operation. For exa ...
... the vertical and superior frontal lobes do not seem to be engaged in any basic motor functions. Behavioral deficiencies after lesions or removal of the VL were revealed only when the animals had to learn new tasks or perform tasks, such as visual discrimination, learned before the operation. For exa ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... anterior (VA) and ventralis lateral (VL) (DeVito and Anderson 1982). Neurons in the GPi are characterized by a high rate of tonic activity interspersed with momentary pauses due to spiny neuron firing episodes (Wilson 1990). The tonic activity inhibits projection targets in the thalamus, and the pau ...
... anterior (VA) and ventralis lateral (VL) (DeVito and Anderson 1982). Neurons in the GPi are characterized by a high rate of tonic activity interspersed with momentary pauses due to spiny neuron firing episodes (Wilson 1990). The tonic activity inhibits projection targets in the thalamus, and the pau ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation
... i.e., oscillatory activity, of motor cortical neurons can be enhanced by operant conditioning. The study has succeeded to train monkeys to increase motor cortex low-gamma waves of local field potential (LFP) (Fig. 3). Single-neuron firing was recorded, and the enhancement of operantly conditioned os ...
... i.e., oscillatory activity, of motor cortical neurons can be enhanced by operant conditioning. The study has succeeded to train monkeys to increase motor cortex low-gamma waves of local field potential (LFP) (Fig. 3). Single-neuron firing was recorded, and the enhancement of operantly conditioned os ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... recruitment, the abnormal growth of loudness in damaged ...
... recruitment, the abnormal growth of loudness in damaged ...
J Comp Physiol (1982) 149: 179 193
... intervals, the step response changes gradually from the form shown in Fig. 7a to that in Fig. 7b. presumably due to an average bright adaptation. As before, the response shows depolarizing transients both at the onset and offset of light, but the potential fluctuations during brightness are much sma ...
... intervals, the step response changes gradually from the form shown in Fig. 7a to that in Fig. 7b. presumably due to an average bright adaptation. As before, the response shows depolarizing transients both at the onset and offset of light, but the potential fluctuations during brightness are much sma ...
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL CORTEX AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
... cat visual cortex, David Hubel and I decided to investigate how the highly specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers si ...
... cat visual cortex, David Hubel and I decided to investigate how the highly specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers si ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... ganglia pathway, were consistently observed in close temporal association to the motor tics. During tic expression, neuronal activity was altered in most of the recorded neurons in a temporally focal manner, displaying phasic firing rate modulations time locked to the tics. Consistent with theoretic ...
... ganglia pathway, were consistently observed in close temporal association to the motor tics. During tic expression, neuronal activity was altered in most of the recorded neurons in a temporally focal manner, displaying phasic firing rate modulations time locked to the tics. Consistent with theoretic ...
Columbia`s psychology
... reported peak activation coordinates across the three-dimensional space of the brain (56–61). Studies reported a set of coordinates for each discrete negative versus comparison relation within each study, separately for the patients > comparison subjects (hyperactivation) and comparison subjects > p ...
... reported peak activation coordinates across the three-dimensional space of the brain (56–61). Studies reported a set of coordinates for each discrete negative versus comparison relation within each study, separately for the patients > comparison subjects (hyperactivation) and comparison subjects > p ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... cortex. Third, it was found that oral delivery of fatty vegetable oil activates both of these insular cortex regions, the hypothalamus, and the dorsal midanterior cingulate cortex. Fourth, it was found that the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, where it borders the medial orbitofrontal cortex, was ...
... cortex. Third, it was found that oral delivery of fatty vegetable oil activates both of these insular cortex regions, the hypothalamus, and the dorsal midanterior cingulate cortex. Fourth, it was found that the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, where it borders the medial orbitofrontal cortex, was ...
Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the Subventricular Zone and
... determined in precursor cells at the time of the last mitotic division and predicted that genes regulating early programs of laminar specification should already be found in precursor cells, where they would be sequentially activated as cells of each lamina are generated (for review see McConnell, 19 ...
... determined in precursor cells at the time of the last mitotic division and predicted that genes regulating early programs of laminar specification should already be found in precursor cells, where they would be sequentially activated as cells of each lamina are generated (for review see McConnell, 19 ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... that of the hand velocity. Activity of two additional clusters (2 and 3; Figure 5, top) lagged behind that of Clusters 1 and 4 by about 150 msec in most target conditions. Activity of Cluster 3 displayed a phasic pattern in that it declined with a time course similar to that of hand velocity, wherea ...
... that of the hand velocity. Activity of two additional clusters (2 and 3; Figure 5, top) lagged behind that of Clusters 1 and 4 by about 150 msec in most target conditions. Activity of Cluster 3 displayed a phasic pattern in that it declined with a time course similar to that of hand velocity, wherea ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... gions, an approach that, in extreme cases, has been critiqued as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to accoun ...
... gions, an approach that, in extreme cases, has been critiqued as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to accoun ...
Torsten Wiesel - Biology Courses Server
... “critical period.” The permanent visual deficits observed in children with congenital cataracts are therefore most likely a result of changes in the visual cortex that occurred during the critical period. Adult humans suffering from cataracts for many years will have normal vision when the cataracts ...
... “critical period.” The permanent visual deficits observed in children with congenital cataracts are therefore most likely a result of changes in the visual cortex that occurred during the critical period. Adult humans suffering from cataracts for many years will have normal vision when the cataracts ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... Frontal Eye Fields. Figure 1 Stylized, lateral view of frontal cortex of macaque monkey (top) and human (bottom). The macaque arcuate sulcus is opened to expose the frontal eye field (red) on the rostral bank and the frontal pursuit zone (blue) on the fundus. The human precentral sulcus is opened to ...
... Frontal Eye Fields. Figure 1 Stylized, lateral view of frontal cortex of macaque monkey (top) and human (bottom). The macaque arcuate sulcus is opened to expose the frontal eye field (red) on the rostral bank and the frontal pursuit zone (blue) on the fundus. The human precentral sulcus is opened to ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Cortical Inputs. Cortical inputs to the hypothalamus in the rat arise primarily from insular, lateral frontal, infralimbic, and prelimbic areas and innervate lateral and medial zones. In addition, the hypothalamus receive indirect input from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal formation and the basol ...
... Cortical Inputs. Cortical inputs to the hypothalamus in the rat arise primarily from insular, lateral frontal, infralimbic, and prelimbic areas and innervate lateral and medial zones. In addition, the hypothalamus receive indirect input from the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal formation and the basol ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... 2006). Indeed, the controversy surrounding whether SCI results in neuronal death within M1 may be due partly to technical issues. Many of the above mentioned investigations were conducted prior to the advent of stereological tools, without which it is difficult to determine statistical validity. Howe ...
... 2006). Indeed, the controversy surrounding whether SCI results in neuronal death within M1 may be due partly to technical issues. Many of the above mentioned investigations were conducted prior to the advent of stereological tools, without which it is difficult to determine statistical validity. Howe ...
physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... al., 1993). Another approach has been to precede synaptic stimulation with a postsynaptic depolarizing voltage pulse (Debanne et al., 1994) or action potential (Markram et al., 1997). The low-frequency stimulation (LFS) protocol was designed to emulate the monocular deprivation situation (input acti ...
... al., 1993). Another approach has been to precede synaptic stimulation with a postsynaptic depolarizing voltage pulse (Debanne et al., 1994) or action potential (Markram et al., 1997). The low-frequency stimulation (LFS) protocol was designed to emulate the monocular deprivation situation (input acti ...
BMP4 expression in the adult rat brain
... available for its expression in the adult CNS. We, thus, investigated BMP4 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. BMP4 is intensely expressed in most neurons and their dendrites. In addition, intense BMP4 expression was also observed in the neuropil of the gray matters where hig ...
... available for its expression in the adult CNS. We, thus, investigated BMP4 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. BMP4 is intensely expressed in most neurons and their dendrites. In addition, intense BMP4 expression was also observed in the neuropil of the gray matters where hig ...
Increased D-amino acid oxidase
... genotyped two SNPs in each gene. The SNPs were selected based on three pragmatic criteria: a) the SNP is amongst those most strongly associated with schizophrenia in each gene, b) the SNP has a high minor allele frequency, and c) the SNP tags a haplotype block.S8,S10 In DAO, we chose rs2070587 (G/T) ...
... genotyped two SNPs in each gene. The SNPs were selected based on three pragmatic criteria: a) the SNP is amongst those most strongly associated with schizophrenia in each gene, b) the SNP has a high minor allele frequency, and c) the SNP tags a haplotype block.S8,S10 In DAO, we chose rs2070587 (G/T) ...
Rapid changes in protein synthesis and cell size in the cochlear
... size, cell number, and Nissl staining (Born and Rubel, '851, as well as metabolic parameters such as protein synthesis (Steward and Rubel, '85),2-deoxyglucoseuptake, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase activity (Lippe et al., '80; Durham and Rubel, '85; Hyde and Durham, '90). The changes ...
... size, cell number, and Nissl staining (Born and Rubel, '851, as well as metabolic parameters such as protein synthesis (Steward and Rubel, '85),2-deoxyglucoseuptake, succinate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase activity (Lippe et al., '80; Durham and Rubel, '85; Hyde and Durham, '90). The changes ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... ABSTRACT: The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with encoding the significance of stimuli within an emotional context, and its connections can be understood in this light. This large cortical region is architectonically heterogeneous, but its connections and functions can be summarized by a broad g ...
... ABSTRACT: The orbitofrontal cortex is associated with encoding the significance of stimuli within an emotional context, and its connections can be understood in this light. This large cortical region is architectonically heterogeneous, but its connections and functions can be summarized by a broad g ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...