
Properties of Primary Sensory (Lemniscal) Synapses in the
... 1991; Buzsaki et al. 1988) and thus the levels of these modulators increase in the thalamus during activated states (Williams et al. 1994a). We have recently shown that cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs from the brain stem regulate corticothalamic synapses (Castro-Alamancos and Calcagnotto 2001). ...
... 1991; Buzsaki et al. 1988) and thus the levels of these modulators increase in the thalamus during activated states (Williams et al. 1994a). We have recently shown that cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs from the brain stem regulate corticothalamic synapses (Castro-Alamancos and Calcagnotto 2001). ...
On the importance of the transient visual response in the superior
... focused on processing stimulus features [11]. The transient visual signal in the SC is constrained to an orderly spatial map (Figure 3a), and is of short-latency owing to its direct input from the earliest stages of visual processing. It is dependent on factors influencing the physical distinctive ...
... focused on processing stimulus features [11]. The transient visual signal in the SC is constrained to an orderly spatial map (Figure 3a), and is of short-latency owing to its direct input from the earliest stages of visual processing. It is dependent on factors influencing the physical distinctive ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the mind and brain problem: history and approaches. Systemic and integrative psychophysiology. Fields o ...
... understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the mind and brain problem: history and approaches. Systemic and integrative psychophysiology. Fields o ...
Topical Review
... year.2 From 1994 to 2004 the death rate from stroke declined 20.4%.2 However, stroke incidence is expected to increase to an estimated 1.14 million per year in 2025.3 This translates to a disease with an ever-larger number of disabled survivors. These statistics have led to a research focus on mecha ...
... year.2 From 1994 to 2004 the death rate from stroke declined 20.4%.2 However, stroke incidence is expected to increase to an estimated 1.14 million per year in 2025.3 This translates to a disease with an ever-larger number of disabled survivors. These statistics have led to a research focus on mecha ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the mind and brain problem: history and approaches. Systemic and integrative psychophysiology. Fields o ...
... understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the mind and brain problem: history and approaches. Systemic and integrative psychophysiology. Fields o ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... (random) direction to movements only in a forward direction (stereotyped). The study showed impaired activation of medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 10 and 32), anterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and anterior thalamic nuclear complex, in ALS subjects selected on the basis of ...
... (random) direction to movements only in a forward direction (stereotyped). The study showed impaired activation of medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 10 and 32), anterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and anterior thalamic nuclear complex, in ALS subjects selected on the basis of ...
Corticofugal modulation of functional connectivity within the auditory
... a complex response pattern which can be modified in its time course and in its components by cooling of the auditory cortex (Villa et al., 1991). Corticofugal modulation could regulate the response properties of thalamic units by modifying their firing rate and bandwidth responsiveness to pure tones ...
... a complex response pattern which can be modified in its time course and in its components by cooling of the auditory cortex (Villa et al., 1991). Corticofugal modulation could regulate the response properties of thalamic units by modifying their firing rate and bandwidth responsiveness to pure tones ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... also similar if the experimenter grasping a piece of food gives it to the monkey being recorded or to a second monkey3. An interesting class of mirror neurons is the one that codes observed actions which are preparatory or logically related to the executed actions — for example, the observed action ...
... also similar if the experimenter grasping a piece of food gives it to the monkey being recorded or to a second monkey3. An interesting class of mirror neurons is the one that codes observed actions which are preparatory or logically related to the executed actions — for example, the observed action ...
Modulation of brain activity by electrical stimulation and external
... these symptoms are present from the moment PD has been diagnosed. Patients typically walk with small steps with occasional freezing, as if their foot were stuck. Balance problems are the most difficult to treat among the motor problems. Not all of these symptoms need to be present in PD patients. In ...
... these symptoms are present from the moment PD has been diagnosed. Patients typically walk with small steps with occasional freezing, as if their foot were stuck. Balance problems are the most difficult to treat among the motor problems. Not all of these symptoms need to be present in PD patients. In ...
Visual Memory and Visual Perception Recruit
... takes ten or more minutes) in which a series of items are sequentially presented and participants are instructed to remember each item. In addition to the delay imposed by the length of the encoding phase, there is usually an additional delay on the order of minutes (although this delay can last hou ...
... takes ten or more minutes) in which a series of items are sequentially presented and participants are instructed to remember each item. In addition to the delay imposed by the length of the encoding phase, there is usually an additional delay on the order of minutes (although this delay can last hou ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... responses), and the neural processes that mediate their transformation. Many emotional states, especially acute states such as fear or anger, are coupled with enhanced perceptual processing, decision making, action selection, and increased energetic expenditure. The brain-body state triggered by a t ...
... responses), and the neural processes that mediate their transformation. Many emotional states, especially acute states such as fear or anger, are coupled with enhanced perceptual processing, decision making, action selection, and increased energetic expenditure. The brain-body state triggered by a t ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... Animals were assigned to groups in such a way as to approximately equate the currents used. Rats in the self-stimulating (SS) group were paired with rats in the PS group, so that current intensity did not differ by more than 20% within a pair. The SS rats were run first. In the two groups receiving ...
... Animals were assigned to groups in such a way as to approximately equate the currents used. Rats in the self-stimulating (SS) group were paired with rats in the PS group, so that current intensity did not differ by more than 20% within a pair. The SS rats were run first. In the two groups receiving ...
PDF
... 1 in 68 children (Baio, 2014), who show marked deficits in social and communicative skills, including imitation, empathy, and shared attention, as well as restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behaviors. These problems significantly affect social interactions and prevent children from esta ...
... 1 in 68 children (Baio, 2014), who show marked deficits in social and communicative skills, including imitation, empathy, and shared attention, as well as restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behaviors. These problems significantly affect social interactions and prevent children from esta ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... rior median sulcus, just miss dividing the cord into separate symmetrical halves. The anterior fissure is the deeper and the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is ...
... rior median sulcus, just miss dividing the cord into separate symmetrical halves. The anterior fissure is the deeper and the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... Separate input and output populations for reverse spread are required due to repeated use of actions in multiple contexts. The same action could result in different outcomes dependent upon the starting state. For example, a ‘‘go East’’ action could shift the state from West to Center, but also from ...
... Separate input and output populations for reverse spread are required due to repeated use of actions in multiple contexts. The same action could result in different outcomes dependent upon the starting state. For example, a ‘‘go East’’ action could shift the state from West to Center, but also from ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
... stimuli were shown to be a weighted average of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. For example, if a single good stimulus elicited a high firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... Physiology. Coeruleocortical neurons in rats and monkeys show long-duration action potential and slow conduction velocities. LC neurons tend to fire synchronously, often in bursts in response to peripheral sensory stimuli; this is usually followed by a quiescent period, which is thought to represen ...
... Physiology. Coeruleocortical neurons in rats and monkeys show long-duration action potential and slow conduction velocities. LC neurons tend to fire synchronously, often in bursts in response to peripheral sensory stimuli; this is usually followed by a quiescent period, which is thought to represen ...
Realizing Biological Spiking Network Models in a Configurable
... stage it is ensured that, for each network chip, every signal required by at least one of its neurons is available on one of the vertical bus bundles left or right adjacent to it. The general routing strategy adopted is to use the horizontal buses as “backbones” from which the target chips are acces ...
... stage it is ensured that, for each network chip, every signal required by at least one of its neurons is available on one of the vertical bus bundles left or right adjacent to it. The general routing strategy adopted is to use the horizontal buses as “backbones” from which the target chips are acces ...
Memory Cure -- through ‘brain specific nutrients’?
... does not produce a long-term change in the neuron, and thus cannot be the basis of memory. But there is a second type of receptor. The binding of a neurotransmitter to this type of receptor (metabotropic receptors) induces the production of what are called second-messenger molecules (the neurotransm ...
... does not produce a long-term change in the neuron, and thus cannot be the basis of memory. But there is a second type of receptor. The binding of a neurotransmitter to this type of receptor (metabotropic receptors) induces the production of what are called second-messenger molecules (the neurotransm ...
Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial
... medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage to consciously remember events that have occurred since the neural insult (1). This deficit, which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli ...
... medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage to consciously remember events that have occurred since the neural insult (1). This deficit, which is specific to declarative or explicit memory (2, 3), appears both during attempts to recall past events as well as when recognition of previously encountered stimuli ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic
... The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nAChR on learning and memory are not fully understood. nAChR currents are likely to take part in postsynaptic calcium signalling either directly through their calcium component or indirectly by contributing to postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, u ...
... The molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nAChR on learning and memory are not fully understood. nAChR currents are likely to take part in postsynaptic calcium signalling either directly through their calcium component or indirectly by contributing to postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, u ...
Evidence for a distributed hierarchy of action
... prehension remains an important experimental paradigm for demonstrating how behavior is shaped in anticipation of future motor outcomes. During a reach and grasp, the arm, hand and digits move toward the desired object in a highly structured behavioral pattern, with kinematic features reflecting the ...
... prehension remains an important experimental paradigm for demonstrating how behavior is shaped in anticipation of future motor outcomes. During a reach and grasp, the arm, hand and digits move toward the desired object in a highly structured behavioral pattern, with kinematic features reflecting the ...