as a PDF
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... able to identify with emotions experienced by someone else (e.g. crying during a sad movie). Theodore Lipps was the one to introduce the concept of empathy; translated from his concept "Einfühlung", in 1903 (as cited by Gallese, 2001). He also pointed out the idea of inner imitation, where people su ...
... able to identify with emotions experienced by someone else (e.g. crying during a sad movie). Theodore Lipps was the one to introduce the concept of empathy; translated from his concept "Einfühlung", in 1903 (as cited by Gallese, 2001). He also pointed out the idea of inner imitation, where people su ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. First, it provides a straightforward, empirically testable explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent wit ...
... However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. First, it provides a straightforward, empirically testable explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent wit ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). Dopaminecontaining neurons are also located in the retina and olfactory bulb. ...
... but little is known about them with regards to control of the sleep-wake cycle. One study suggested increased activity of the A11 cell group during REM sleep deprivation suggesting they are wake-active (Leger et al. 2010). Dopaminecontaining neurons are also located in the retina and olfactory bulb. ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... ß The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
... ß The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
Inhibition of classically conditioned eyeblink responses by
... Zuo & Bloedel, 1990; Welsh, 1992). For instance, in one study a substantial proportion of animals with NIA lesions were able to relearn after prolonged training (Welsh & Harvey, 1989). CRs in these animals occurred with lower frequencies, were smaller and had longer latencies, but they were not abol ...
... Zuo & Bloedel, 1990; Welsh, 1992). For instance, in one study a substantial proportion of animals with NIA lesions were able to relearn after prolonged training (Welsh & Harvey, 1989). CRs in these animals occurred with lower frequencies, were smaller and had longer latencies, but they were not abol ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... of three letters presented for 200 ms either unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral displays resulted in greater contralateral occipital activations than bilateral displays. This was taken as direct evidence that inter-hemispheric sensory competition can arise between stimuli in opposite visual hem ...
... of three letters presented for 200 ms either unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral displays resulted in greater contralateral occipital activations than bilateral displays. This was taken as direct evidence that inter-hemispheric sensory competition can arise between stimuli in opposite visual hem ...
Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man
... Positron emission tomography offers the unique opportunity for examining cerebral function during saccadic performance in the awake, intact human subject, so © Oxford University Press 1994 ...
... Positron emission tomography offers the unique opportunity for examining cerebral function during saccadic performance in the awake, intact human subject, so © Oxford University Press 1994 ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... 1974; Bartus et al., 1982; Fibiger, 1991; Dekker et al., 1991; Nilsson et al., 1992; Callahan et al., 1993). Also, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic systems may contribute to memory loss and other cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (Coyle et al., 1983). Indeed, the potential for cho ...
... 1974; Bartus et al., 1982; Fibiger, 1991; Dekker et al., 1991; Nilsson et al., 1992; Callahan et al., 1993). Also, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic systems may contribute to memory loss and other cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (Coyle et al., 1983). Indeed, the potential for cho ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... with a leading process pointing toward the apical pia and a trailing process extending toward the ventricle. Directed by their leading processes, neurons migrate toward the cortical (i.e., pial) surface in an orderly progression to occupy their proper positions (Tsai and Gleeson, 2005). Each wave of ...
... with a leading process pointing toward the apical pia and a trailing process extending toward the ventricle. Directed by their leading processes, neurons migrate toward the cortical (i.e., pial) surface in an orderly progression to occupy their proper positions (Tsai and Gleeson, 2005). Each wave of ...
Fractalkine is a “find-me” signal released by neurons
... models of adult neurological disorders. Lacking, however, are studies investigating roles for fractalkine in perinatal brain injury, an important clinical problem with no effective therapies. We used a well-characterized mouse model of ethanol-induced apoptosis to assess the role of fractalkine in n ...
... models of adult neurological disorders. Lacking, however, are studies investigating roles for fractalkine in perinatal brain injury, an important clinical problem with no effective therapies. We used a well-characterized mouse model of ethanol-induced apoptosis to assess the role of fractalkine in n ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... slice studies commonly use a much higher extracellular calcium concentration than is present in vivo (Borst, 2010). As a result, the release probability will be higher in slices than in the intact brain, resulting in more synaptic depression. A second important difference is that most slice studies ...
... slice studies commonly use a much higher extracellular calcium concentration than is present in vivo (Borst, 2010). As a result, the release probability will be higher in slices than in the intact brain, resulting in more synaptic depression. A second important difference is that most slice studies ...
Transgenic Mice for Intersectional Targeting of Neural Sensors and
... cell types, utilizing gene promoters or loci with specific expression patterns (Gerfen et al., 2013; Gong et al., 2007; Madisen et al., 2010; Taniguchi et al., 2011). However, cell populations defined by Cre driver lines are often heterogeneous, encompassing multiple brain regions and/or multiple ce ...
... cell types, utilizing gene promoters or loci with specific expression patterns (Gerfen et al., 2013; Gong et al., 2007; Madisen et al., 2010; Taniguchi et al., 2011). However, cell populations defined by Cre driver lines are often heterogeneous, encompassing multiple brain regions and/or multiple ce ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of Constantin von Economo and Georg N
... 1926 upon meeting Koskinas: “The work of von Economo and Koskinas is monumental and constitutes a milestone of science, charting new paths for understanding the brain from an anatomical, physiological and pathological viewpoint. It stands as the first comprehensive reference on the architecture of t ...
... 1926 upon meeting Koskinas: “The work of von Economo and Koskinas is monumental and constitutes a milestone of science, charting new paths for understanding the brain from an anatomical, physiological and pathological viewpoint. It stands as the first comprehensive reference on the architecture of t ...
Characterization of MeCP2e1 Transgenic Mice
... levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 demonstrate increased levels of anxiety (22). These diverse findings indicate the ...
... levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 demonstrate increased levels of anxiety (22). These diverse findings indicate the ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... had moderate to robust connections with the anterior nuclei. In contrast, most dorsolateral prefrontal cortices had comparatively weaker connections with the anterior nuclei. Moreover, axons from prefrontal cortices terminated on both sides of the anterior nuclei, particularly in the AM nucleus, tho ...
... had moderate to robust connections with the anterior nuclei. In contrast, most dorsolateral prefrontal cortices had comparatively weaker connections with the anterior nuclei. Moreover, axons from prefrontal cortices terminated on both sides of the anterior nuclei, particularly in the AM nucleus, tho ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
disparity detection from stereo
... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... performed in humans suggested that the unconscious initiation of a free voluntary act occurs between the beginning of the readiness potential and the movement onset (Libet et al. 1983). This last study was recently extended by Fried et al. (2011), who recorded the unitary activity of neurons from th ...
... performed in humans suggested that the unconscious initiation of a free voluntary act occurs between the beginning of the readiness potential and the movement onset (Libet et al. 1983). This last study was recently extended by Fried et al. (2011), who recorded the unitary activity of neurons from th ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... Munakata, 1998; O’Reilly et al., 1999; O’Reilly & Munakata, 2000). Activation-based memories have a number of advantages, relative to weight-based memories. For example, activation-based memories can be rapidly updated just by changing the activation state of a set of neurons. In contrast, changing ...
... Munakata, 1998; O’Reilly et al., 1999; O’Reilly & Munakata, 2000). Activation-based memories have a number of advantages, relative to weight-based memories. For example, activation-based memories can be rapidly updated just by changing the activation state of a set of neurons. In contrast, changing ...
Memory consolidation in humans: new evidence and opportunities
... & Moscovitch, 1997; Hassabis & Maguire, 2007, 2009; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011; Maguire & Mullally, 2013). There is neuropsychological evidence from patients with bilateral hippocampal damage, including those with lesions apparently restricted to the hippocampi, in support of both views (for a revie ...
... & Moscovitch, 1997; Hassabis & Maguire, 2007, 2009; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011; Maguire & Mullally, 2013). There is neuropsychological evidence from patients with bilateral hippocampal damage, including those with lesions apparently restricted to the hippocampi, in support of both views (for a revie ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
PDF file
... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... representational contents. The Coherent Infomax Theory suggests that coordinating interactions are essentially modulatory in nature and, thus, have only weak effects on the information carried by neural responses, which are considered to result mainly from bottom-up inputs into the respective circui ...
... representational contents. The Coherent Infomax Theory suggests that coordinating interactions are essentially modulatory in nature and, thus, have only weak effects on the information carried by neural responses, which are considered to result mainly from bottom-up inputs into the respective circui ...