Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
... Chicago, IL). The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal plot. The significance of differences in the ICV and hippocampal volumes between the controls and patients were tested using the t-test. To compare the hippocampal volume, analysis of covariance ( ...
A Possible Role for Cholinergic Neurons of the Basal Forebrain and
... synchronization of cortical activity. Coherent oscillations in the range 30–50 Hz have been found in a number of experimental situations, suggesting a relationship between this kind of activity and perceptual or behavioral decisions. Coherent cortical activity near 40 Hz was originally discovered in ...
... synchronization of cortical activity. Coherent oscillations in the range 30–50 Hz have been found in a number of experimental situations, suggesting a relationship between this kind of activity and perceptual or behavioral decisions. Coherent cortical activity near 40 Hz was originally discovered in ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... randomization of a subset of the face stimuli, a process that produced presented on top of noise patterns created by phase-scrambling of face cloudy images that were superimposed on top of the original faces. We images. Each localizer task sequence began with a verbal instruction increated nine sepa ...
... randomization of a subset of the face stimuli, a process that produced presented on top of noise patterns created by phase-scrambling of face cloudy images that were superimposed on top of the original faces. We images. Each localizer task sequence began with a verbal instruction increated nine sepa ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... In a previous study suckling stimulus induced cFos expression in some brain stem structures suggesting the role of these structures in relaying the suckling stimulus to the hypothalamus. In a study fluorogold (FG) tracer injected in the ARC was retrogradely transported to the midbrain. The tracer ap ...
... In a previous study suckling stimulus induced cFos expression in some brain stem structures suggesting the role of these structures in relaying the suckling stimulus to the hypothalamus. In a study fluorogold (FG) tracer injected in the ARC was retrogradely transported to the midbrain. The tracer ap ...
Increased prefrontal activity and reduced motor cortex
... related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown that there may be partially different activation patterns within t ...
... related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown that there may be partially different activation patterns within t ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards update the estimates of future expected rewards). Examination of the primate electrophysiological results in the context of reinforcement learning suggested that dopaminergic responses display the fundam ...
... and the learning rate (a model parameter that adjusts the strength with which unexpected rewards update the estimates of future expected rewards). Examination of the primate electrophysiological results in the context of reinforcement learning suggested that dopaminergic responses display the fundam ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... During the course of the electrode penetration, binocular and monocular stimuli were presented within the monkey’s field of view during the periods of maintained eye fixation. Frequent determinations of the response properties of the neurons encountered were made by listening to and visually monitor ...
... During the course of the electrode penetration, binocular and monocular stimuli were presented within the monkey’s field of view during the periods of maintained eye fixation. Frequent determinations of the response properties of the neurons encountered were made by listening to and visually monitor ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... amygdala, because… – The amygdala learns through experience – In order for the amygdala to form new memories about the Trigger, specific circuitry in the amygdala must be activated by the Trigger *Benefit: Exposure is more tolerable when clients know they’re using the language of the amygdala ...
... amygdala, because… – The amygdala learns through experience – In order for the amygdala to form new memories about the Trigger, specific circuitry in the amygdala must be activated by the Trigger *Benefit: Exposure is more tolerable when clients know they’re using the language of the amygdala ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... areas (Shima et al., 1991; Shima and Tanji, 1998). Additional details on orange, purple, blue, and bright green (16.67% probability of each). After the recording location can be found in the supplemental data (available another half a second, a reward was given corresponding to the color of at www.j ...
... areas (Shima et al., 1991; Shima and Tanji, 1998). Additional details on orange, purple, blue, and bright green (16.67% probability of each). After the recording location can be found in the supplemental data (available another half a second, a reward was given corresponding to the color of at www.j ...
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia
... Early linkage studies were based on traditional assumptions that a single dominant gene produced the illness. These were, in general, unsuccessful. The first published study to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) reported linkage between two markers on the long arm of chromosome 5 ( ...
... Early linkage studies were based on traditional assumptions that a single dominant gene produced the illness. These were, in general, unsuccessful. The first published study to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) reported linkage between two markers on the long arm of chromosome 5 ( ...
An Integrative Theory on Prefrontal Cortex Function
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
... We assume that cues in the environment activate internal representations within the PFC that can select the appropriate action. This is important when the course of action is uncertain, and especially if one of the alternatives is stronger (i.e. more habitual or more salient) but produces the incorr ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
... AON was clearly higher than in the control animals (Table I, Figs. 2D, 3A). Likewise, the density of positive cells was higher in all subdivisions of the PCD ipsilateral AON (Table II, Fig. 3B). In contrast to the observations in the control animals, labeled neurons were seen in all the ipsilateral ...
... AON was clearly higher than in the control animals (Table I, Figs. 2D, 3A). Likewise, the density of positive cells was higher in all subdivisions of the PCD ipsilateral AON (Table II, Fig. 3B). In contrast to the observations in the control animals, labeled neurons were seen in all the ipsilateral ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... The same light stimulus intensity was used for all experiments in a given strain, having been preset at an intensity that elicited a mean latency of 2.9 –3.2 sec in room air. To avoid the possibility of tissue damage, a cutoff time of 10 sec was used; if no response had occurred by this time, a valu ...
... The same light stimulus intensity was used for all experiments in a given strain, having been preset at an intensity that elicited a mean latency of 2.9 –3.2 sec in room air. To avoid the possibility of tissue damage, a cutoff time of 10 sec was used; if no response had occurred by this time, a valu ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... higher activity for the raisin than for the apple (Figure 3; [15]). Such neurons appear to be sensitive to the reward that has the highest utility at a given moment for the animal. The difference in neural activity between the lowest and the highest utility increases the gain of coding and thus enha ...
... higher activity for the raisin than for the apple (Figure 3; [15]). Such neurons appear to be sensitive to the reward that has the highest utility at a given moment for the animal. The difference in neural activity between the lowest and the highest utility increases the gain of coding and thus enha ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... are interneurons that provide inhibitory tone onto dopamine cells (Johnson et al., 1992). Pharmacologically stimulating a variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate s ...
... are interneurons that provide inhibitory tone onto dopamine cells (Johnson et al., 1992). Pharmacologically stimulating a variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate s ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... the body of the cerebellum from the smaller flocculonodular lobe (Figure 42–2B). Each lobe extends across the cerebellum from the midline to the most lateral tip. In the orthogonal, anterior-posterior direction two longitudinal furrows divide three regions: the midline vermis (Latin, worm) and the c ...
... the body of the cerebellum from the smaller flocculonodular lobe (Figure 42–2B). Each lobe extends across the cerebellum from the midline to the most lateral tip. In the orthogonal, anterior-posterior direction two longitudinal furrows divide three regions: the midline vermis (Latin, worm) and the c ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... recording sessions. In some cases, recording was terminated after the sixth block of conditioning [Trial 30] due to deterioration of isolation of discharges from single units; the numbers of subjects for Blocks 7-9 were 12, 8, and 7.) ...
... recording sessions. In some cases, recording was terminated after the sixth block of conditioning [Trial 30] due to deterioration of isolation of discharges from single units; the numbers of subjects for Blocks 7-9 were 12, 8, and 7.) ...
PDF of this article
... From the model, it follows that the subthalamic nucleus occupies a strategic position in the circuitry. As repeatedly demonstrated by experimental studies, the subthalamic nucleus can modulate the neuronal activity of both basal ganglia output nuclei (4-6). In addition, recent studies have shown tha ...
... From the model, it follows that the subthalamic nucleus occupies a strategic position in the circuitry. As repeatedly demonstrated by experimental studies, the subthalamic nucleus can modulate the neuronal activity of both basal ganglia output nuclei (4-6). In addition, recent studies have shown tha ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... (Hikosaka et al., 1999; Middleton and Strick, 2000; Graybiel, 2000; Sato and Hikosaka, 2002; Toni et al., 2002). These functions may be mediated through parallel pathways linking functionally distinct prefrontal areas with the basal ganglia through the thalamus. The complex emotional and behavioral ...
... (Hikosaka et al., 1999; Middleton and Strick, 2000; Graybiel, 2000; Sato and Hikosaka, 2002; Toni et al., 2002). These functions may be mediated through parallel pathways linking functionally distinct prefrontal areas with the basal ganglia through the thalamus. The complex emotional and behavioral ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... the expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were performed. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for DNA fragmentation. Results: Our results showed that NaF produced neurodegeneration, vacuolation and haemorrhage with some abnormal blood vessels and a significant increase in the ...
... the expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were performed. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for DNA fragmentation. Results: Our results showed that NaF produced neurodegeneration, vacuolation and haemorrhage with some abnormal blood vessels and a significant increase in the ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... cally restrained (Foster et al., 1989). This study leaves open the possibility that hippocampal neurons may actively discharge during passive movement if rats are not physically restrained. Indeed, a more recent study has shown that place cells do not shut off under a less restrained condition. In t ...
... cally restrained (Foster et al., 1989). This study leaves open the possibility that hippocampal neurons may actively discharge during passive movement if rats are not physically restrained. Indeed, a more recent study has shown that place cells do not shut off under a less restrained condition. In t ...
Mapping Europe`s environmental future
... technological long-term change processes with decisive and critical implications. As the boundaries between developments in Europe and other parts of the world grow more blurred, Europeans are increasingly likely to be affected by developments in distant regions — some very sudden, others unfolding ...
... technological long-term change processes with decisive and critical implications. As the boundaries between developments in Europe and other parts of the world grow more blurred, Europeans are increasingly likely to be affected by developments in distant regions — some very sudden, others unfolding ...
The medial parietal occipital areas in the macaque
... The history of areas V6 and V6A, like that of area PO, also reflects a process of refinement whereby large areas become subdivided into smaller ones. The term “V6” was first introduced by Zeki (1986) to describe a visual cortical region delimited by strong callosal connections, which occupied almost ...
... The history of areas V6 and V6A, like that of area PO, also reflects a process of refinement whereby large areas become subdivided into smaller ones. The term “V6” was first introduced by Zeki (1986) to describe a visual cortical region delimited by strong callosal connections, which occupied almost ...
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
... and interstitial NTS subnuclei and the compact formation of NA are active during deglutitive activity, whereas commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and the caudal DMV are active during LES relaxation (4). The commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and caudal DMV are active in controlling the ...
... and interstitial NTS subnuclei and the compact formation of NA are active during deglutitive activity, whereas commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and the caudal DMV are active during LES relaxation (4). The commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and caudal DMV are active in controlling the ...
Understanding and developing strategic corporate social responsibility
... tions from more than 100 countries are now members of the United Nations Global Compact (UNCG), established in 1999 by U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan. UNGC is an international initiative that brings together companies, UN agencies, labor organizations and civil society in support of 10 principles ...
... tions from more than 100 countries are now members of the United Nations Global Compact (UNCG), established in 1999 by U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan. UNGC is an international initiative that brings together companies, UN agencies, labor organizations and civil society in support of 10 principles ...