The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... (1992) showed that the amplitude of the ERN increased as participants were motivated, via a payoff function, to strive for accuracy over speed in a choice reaction-time task (see also Gehring et al., 1993). His work has suggested that the system that produces the ERN is sensitive to the importance o ...
... (1992) showed that the amplitude of the ERN increased as participants were motivated, via a payoff function, to strive for accuracy over speed in a choice reaction-time task (see also Gehring et al., 1993). His work has suggested that the system that produces the ERN is sensitive to the importance o ...
Modulation of Inhibition of Return by the Dopamine D2 Receptor
... agonist bromocriptine to a group of young healthy participants and tested their performance in a cued visual discrimination task. Bromocriptine is used to treat PD (Radad et al. 2005), and in healthy young participants, it can increase performance on tasks requiring spatial working memory (reviewed ...
... agonist bromocriptine to a group of young healthy participants and tested their performance in a cued visual discrimination task. Bromocriptine is used to treat PD (Radad et al. 2005), and in healthy young participants, it can increase performance on tasks requiring spatial working memory (reviewed ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
... The patterns of connections made by local circuit neurons in the medial region of the intermediate zone are different from the patterns made by those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply t ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... muscles (e.g., those of the neck and spine). Laterally situated motor pools project to limb muscles, with those contacting distal muscles located most laterally. The term motor unit applies to a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Each motor neuron branches to innervate many muscle fibers, ...
... muscles (e.g., those of the neck and spine). Laterally situated motor pools project to limb muscles, with those contacting distal muscles located most laterally. The term motor unit applies to a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Each motor neuron branches to innervate many muscle fibers, ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... pressure, respiratory depth, and body temperature were continuously monitored. Upon recovery from anesthesia, the animals were returned to their home cages and closely monitored. Analgesics (ketorolac, 1 mg/kg, i.m.) and antibiotics (erythromycin, 1–1.5 ml/10 kg) were provided postoperatively. In th ...
... pressure, respiratory depth, and body temperature were continuously monitored. Upon recovery from anesthesia, the animals were returned to their home cages and closely monitored. Analgesics (ketorolac, 1 mg/kg, i.m.) and antibiotics (erythromycin, 1–1.5 ml/10 kg) were provided postoperatively. In th ...
The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. First, it provides a straightforward, empirically testable explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent wit ...
... However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. First, it provides a straightforward, empirically testable explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent wit ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essent ...
... affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essent ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... on the soma and dendrites in the youngest animals than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant l ...
... on the soma and dendrites in the youngest animals than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant l ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory and movement (reviewed in Albin et al., 1989; Wise, 2004). In addition, their dysfunction is implicated in a number of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (DeLong, 1990), schizophrenia (Goldstein and Deut ...
... Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory and movement (reviewed in Albin et al., 1989; Wise, 2004). In addition, their dysfunction is implicated in a number of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (DeLong, 1990), schizophrenia (Goldstein and Deut ...
Differential Activity-Dependent Development of Corticospinal
... during movement, and visual guidance of movement are expressed within moments after birth in many animals (Muir 2000). By contrast, many species, including cats, monkeys, and humans, develop these motor skills later in development. This raises the possibility that not only postnatal activity in part ...
... during movement, and visual guidance of movement are expressed within moments after birth in many animals (Muir 2000). By contrast, many species, including cats, monkeys, and humans, develop these motor skills later in development. This raises the possibility that not only postnatal activity in part ...
Effect of Adrenalectomy on Miniature Inhibitory Postsynaptic
... For later off-line visualization a limited number of cells was filled with either Lucifer yellow (4 mg/ml; Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) or Alexa Hydrozin 488 (1.75 mM; Molecular Probes). Series resistance and capacitance were monitored during the whole recording using pCLAMP7(Axon Inst ...
... For later off-line visualization a limited number of cells was filled with either Lucifer yellow (4 mg/ml; Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) or Alexa Hydrozin 488 (1.75 mM; Molecular Probes). Series resistance and capacitance were monitored during the whole recording using pCLAMP7(Axon Inst ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... often called ‘ ‘silent’ ’ areas. They are involved in memory, reasoning, concentrating, problem solving, and many other complex functions. ...
... often called ‘ ‘silent’ ’ areas. They are involved in memory, reasoning, concentrating, problem solving, and many other complex functions. ...
PDF
... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... often called ‘ ‘silent’ ’ areas. They are involved in memory, reasoning, concentrating, problem solving, and many other complex functions. ...
... often called ‘ ‘silent’ ’ areas. They are involved in memory, reasoning, concentrating, problem solving, and many other complex functions. ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... Zn was included in the exposure solution, this glutamateinduced neuronal losswasmarkedly reduced (Fig. 6B). Like the protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). ...
... Zn was included in the exposure solution, this glutamateinduced neuronal losswasmarkedly reduced (Fig. 6B). Like the protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... glutamate and interneurons are the inhibitory neurons whose neurotransmitter is γaminobutyric acid (GABA). The term interneuron refers to the fact that most of these neurons have very local axonal connections rather than the longer projecting axons that are common to principal cells. They make up ap ...
... glutamate and interneurons are the inhibitory neurons whose neurotransmitter is γaminobutyric acid (GABA). The term interneuron refers to the fact that most of these neurons have very local axonal connections rather than the longer projecting axons that are common to principal cells. They make up ap ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... firing modulation during antisaccades, when eyes were directed away from the target (Yoshida and Tanaka 2009a). These neurons could have a role in the production of antisaccade commands and/or the suppression of reflexive saccades toward the target, both of which are indispensable neural processes for ...
... firing modulation during antisaccades, when eyes were directed away from the target (Yoshida and Tanaka 2009a). These neurons could have a role in the production of antisaccade commands and/or the suppression of reflexive saccades toward the target, both of which are indispensable neural processes for ...
BRAIN - ESPN.com
... Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury can trigger the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by the widespread deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) as neurofibrillary tangles (Corsellis and Brierley, 1959; Corsellis et al., 1973 ...
... Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury can trigger the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by the widespread deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) as neurofibrillary tangles (Corsellis and Brierley, 1959; Corsellis et al., 1973 ...
Lecture Guide - TestbankCart.com
... 1. A neuron contains charged particles called ions. When at rest, the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and positively charged on the outside. When stimulated, this reverses the charge by allowing positive sodium ions to enter the cell. This is the action potential. 2. Neurons fire in an al ...
... 1. A neuron contains charged particles called ions. When at rest, the neuron is negatively charged on the inside and positively charged on the outside. When stimulated, this reverses the charge by allowing positive sodium ions to enter the cell. This is the action potential. 2. Neurons fire in an al ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortical areas, thereby providing a quantitative connectivity database of unprecedented scope and detail. Previous studies reported that the vast majority of pathways between cort ...
... system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortical areas, thereby providing a quantitative connectivity database of unprecedented scope and detail. Previous studies reported that the vast majority of pathways between cort ...
here - University of California San Diego
... n humans, limited functional recovery can be achieved through task-specific rehabilitation, without restoration of the original disrupted connections. The adaptability or plasticity of neural circuits has been proposed to serve as the underlying mechanism to spontaneous recovery1–8. Spontaneous forma ...
... n humans, limited functional recovery can be achieved through task-specific rehabilitation, without restoration of the original disrupted connections. The adaptability or plasticity of neural circuits has been proposed to serve as the underlying mechanism to spontaneous recovery1–8. Spontaneous forma ...
Neurophysiological correlates of hypnotic analgesia
... (Jambrik, Carli, Rudish, Varga, Forster and Santarcangelo, 2005). These aspects of hypnotic analgesia have become particularly intriguing due to the evidence that the autonomic activity is monitored in cerebral areas and this information is integrated at higher levels where it contributes to the con ...
... (Jambrik, Carli, Rudish, Varga, Forster and Santarcangelo, 2005). These aspects of hypnotic analgesia have become particularly intriguing due to the evidence that the autonomic activity is monitored in cerebral areas and this information is integrated at higher levels where it contributes to the con ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... Neocortical progenitors During early development, there is a dramatic expansion of the neuroepithelium in the dorsolateral wall of the rostral neural tube that will give rise to neocortical projection neurons. The layer immediately adjacent to the ventricle is termed the ventricular zone (VZ). As ne ...
... Neocortical progenitors During early development, there is a dramatic expansion of the neuroepithelium in the dorsolateral wall of the rostral neural tube that will give rise to neocortical projection neurons. The layer immediately adjacent to the ventricle is termed the ventricular zone (VZ). As ne ...