Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... an esophageal response, including relaxation followed by an aftercontraction of the LES. Each 9-s stimuli typically evoked two swallowing responses. c-fos expression in vagal subnuclei with SLN stimulation. Successful studies were obtained in 4 or 5 animals in each group receiving SLN stimulation at ...
... an esophageal response, including relaxation followed by an aftercontraction of the LES. Each 9-s stimuli typically evoked two swallowing responses. c-fos expression in vagal subnuclei with SLN stimulation. Successful studies were obtained in 4 or 5 animals in each group receiving SLN stimulation at ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure activity in human somatosensory cortex and to test for cross-digit suppression. Subjects received stimulation (vibration of varying amplitudes) to the right thumb (target) with or without concurrent stimulation of the right middle fing ...
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure activity in human somatosensory cortex and to test for cross-digit suppression. Subjects received stimulation (vibration of varying amplitudes) to the right thumb (target) with or without concurrent stimulation of the right middle fing ...
On the use of cognitive maps - David Redish
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
... behavior associated with cognitive maps implies the use of transition models in reinforcement learning algorithms. In contrast to model-free algorithms that depend on current experience only, model-based reinforcement algorithms represent sensory or state information beyond the modeled animal’s curr ...
- Valiente Lab
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... RP (Morrison et al. 1999). Since neurons throughout VMM have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Mo ...
... RP (Morrison et al. 1999). Since neurons throughout VMM have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Mo ...
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... completing the training paradigm, we tested the cats using three experiments. Experiment 1 was a 100-trial session including 50 ICMS-absent trials and 10 trials each of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µA pulse amplitude. This experiment was designed to test the cats’ performance in ICMS detection at differe ...
... completing the training paradigm, we tested the cats using three experiments. Experiment 1 was a 100-trial session including 50 ICMS-absent trials and 10 trials each of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µA pulse amplitude. This experiment was designed to test the cats’ performance in ICMS detection at differe ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... frequency-modulated audible noise. Imagine further that, using these stimuli, you make the remarkable discovery that the responses of neurons within Wernicke’s area (for example) are correlated with behavioral judgments (of, for instance, whether the frequency modulation was high-to-low or low-to-hi ...
... frequency-modulated audible noise. Imagine further that, using these stimuli, you make the remarkable discovery that the responses of neurons within Wernicke’s area (for example) are correlated with behavioral judgments (of, for instance, whether the frequency modulation was high-to-low or low-to-hi ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
Abstracts - BCCN 2009
... The conference has single-track oral sessions. Contributed talks are 20 minutes including questions. The main meeting room is equipped with audio visual equipment, such as a projector and microphones. A laptop (windows XP) with standard software (i.e. MS Office 2007 with Powerpoint, and OpenOffice) ...
... The conference has single-track oral sessions. Contributed talks are 20 minutes including questions. The main meeting room is equipped with audio visual equipment, such as a projector and microphones. A laptop (windows XP) with standard software (i.e. MS Office 2007 with Powerpoint, and OpenOffice) ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Figure 2. Regulation of CCC Functionality CCC functions are regulated by transcriptional control, alternative splicing, subcellular targeting, and posttranslational modifications that lead to cell-specific as well as discrete subcellular expression patterns of the distinct CCC proteins. (Upper left) ...
... Figure 2. Regulation of CCC Functionality CCC functions are regulated by transcriptional control, alternative splicing, subcellular targeting, and posttranslational modifications that lead to cell-specific as well as discrete subcellular expression patterns of the distinct CCC proteins. (Upper left) ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... data from a cell in cat V1 obtained by Toth et al. (1996) but presented here for the first time. Increasing the contrast of an optimally oriented grating stimulus (presented to the classical receptive field in conjunction with a neutral surround) produced typical saturating contrast response functio ...
... data from a cell in cat V1 obtained by Toth et al. (1996) but presented here for the first time. Increasing the contrast of an optimally oriented grating stimulus (presented to the classical receptive field in conjunction with a neutral surround) produced typical saturating contrast response functio ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... behavioural coping and anhedonia in animal models, along with many other affective, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms. The heterogeneity of these symptoms represents the plurality of corticolimbic structures involved in mood regulation that are adversely affected in the disorder. Chronic stress ha ...
... behavioural coping and anhedonia in animal models, along with many other affective, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms. The heterogeneity of these symptoms represents the plurality of corticolimbic structures involved in mood regulation that are adversely affected in the disorder. Chronic stress ha ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... measure of dopamine release (67), this indicates a potentially important distinction between data in animal models and human cocaine addicts. NEUROPLASTICITY Motivational Circuitry as a Site of Addiction Pathologies The circuit shown in Fig. 95.2 contains interconnections among mesencephalic dopamin ...
... measure of dopamine release (67), this indicates a potentially important distinction between data in animal models and human cocaine addicts. NEUROPLASTICITY Motivational Circuitry as a Site of Addiction Pathologies The circuit shown in Fig. 95.2 contains interconnections among mesencephalic dopamin ...
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... neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortical connectivity depends on two crucial early developmental processes: ...
... neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortical connectivity depends on two crucial early developmental processes: ...
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... regenerative mechanisms that underlie the recovery of function matures, it is expected that approaches to target long-term recovery will receive increasing attention.1 This study focuses on GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycopr ...
... regenerative mechanisms that underlie the recovery of function matures, it is expected that approaches to target long-term recovery will receive increasing attention.1 This study focuses on GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycopr ...
Dopamine and adaptive memory - Shohamy Lab
... (approx. 20 Hz). It has been suggested that these response patterns could relate to different behavioral contexts. Here, dopamine neurons respond to rewards that are probabilistically predicted by visual cues (based on [95]). A phasic dopamine response is elicited when an animal receives an unexpect ...
... (approx. 20 Hz). It has been suggested that these response patterns could relate to different behavioral contexts. Here, dopamine neurons respond to rewards that are probabilistically predicted by visual cues (based on [95]). A phasic dopamine response is elicited when an animal receives an unexpect ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... projections to NOT-DTN and DLPN and whether the same individual neurons provide input to both targets. In addition, we investigated whether there are other cortical areas providing input to both NOT-DTN and DLPN. ...
... projections to NOT-DTN and DLPN and whether the same individual neurons provide input to both targets. In addition, we investigated whether there are other cortical areas providing input to both NOT-DTN and DLPN. ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... reinforcement contingencies change. The monkeys may respond when responses are inappropriate, e.g. no longer rewarded, or may respond to a non-rewarded stimulus. For example, monkeys with orbitofrontal damage are impaired on go/no-go task performance, in that they go on the no-go trials (Iversen and ...
... reinforcement contingencies change. The monkeys may respond when responses are inappropriate, e.g. no longer rewarded, or may respond to a non-rewarded stimulus. For example, monkeys with orbitofrontal damage are impaired on go/no-go task performance, in that they go on the no-go trials (Iversen and ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... application to dopamine5 or to stimulation of substantia nigra or cerebral cortex11,21, to respond with EPSPIPSP sequences to thalamic stimulation27, and to rarely or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand ...
... application to dopamine5 or to stimulation of substantia nigra or cerebral cortex11,21, to respond with EPSPIPSP sequences to thalamic stimulation27, and to rarely or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experimental results have led us to revise this ...
... the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experimental results have led us to revise this ...
Sensing Limb Movements in the Motor Cortex: How Humans Sense
... brain activity related to the sensory processing of the kinesthetic afferent information from the activity related to the processing of vibration stimuli over the skin per se. In our series of neuroimaging experiments (Naito and others 1999, 2002b, 2002c; Naito and Ehrsson 2001), we adopted two appr ...
... brain activity related to the sensory processing of the kinesthetic afferent information from the activity related to the processing of vibration stimuli over the skin per se. In our series of neuroimaging experiments (Naito and others 1999, 2002b, 2002c; Naito and Ehrsson 2001), we adopted two appr ...