Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
... and interstitial NTS subnuclei and the compact formation of NA are active during deglutitive activity, whereas commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and the caudal DMV are active during LES relaxation (4). The commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and caudal DMV are active in controlling the ...
... and interstitial NTS subnuclei and the compact formation of NA are active during deglutitive activity, whereas commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and the caudal DMV are active during LES relaxation (4). The commissural and dorsomedial NTS subnuclei and caudal DMV are active in controlling the ...
Basal Ganglia YAYDAR 2012-2013
... extent the movement will be fast, and how long it will last. Storage of motor programs of familiar motor actions: e.g. signature. ...
... extent the movement will be fast, and how long it will last. Storage of motor programs of familiar motor actions: e.g. signature. ...
What in the brain tells us that this is pain - HAL
... While reporting the results of fully awake craniotomy, Pereira et al (2005) described that neocortical manipulation of frontal, temporal, parietal or occiptal lobes was unpainful in 38 consecutive patients, whereas 10 out of 10 patients reported intense pain during vascular, arachnoid or cortical di ...
... While reporting the results of fully awake craniotomy, Pereira et al (2005) described that neocortical manipulation of frontal, temporal, parietal or occiptal lobes was unpainful in 38 consecutive patients, whereas 10 out of 10 patients reported intense pain during vascular, arachnoid or cortical di ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... approach, brain design is viewed as a solution to an optimization problem, where the wiring cost is minimized for a given network functionality. Wiring optimization has been invoked to explain many aspects of brain design: why the brain is located in the head (Cherniak, 1994), why neocortex folds in ...
... approach, brain design is viewed as a solution to an optimization problem, where the wiring cost is minimized for a given network functionality. Wiring optimization has been invoked to explain many aspects of brain design: why the brain is located in the head (Cherniak, 1994), why neocortex folds in ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... twice a day during feeding time, because the occurrence rate of vocalizations was the highest during that time. Before each session, the experimental animal was caught and placed in a monkey chair. There, the electrodes were moved into a new position and batteries were exchanged, if necessary. The d ...
... twice a day during feeding time, because the occurrence rate of vocalizations was the highest during that time. Before each session, the experimental animal was caught and placed in a monkey chair. There, the electrodes were moved into a new position and batteries were exchanged, if necessary. The d ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems has been shown to depend on the temporal order of pre- and postsynaptic spiking. Spike timing-dependent modification of neuronal excitability and dendritic integration was also observed. Such ...
... of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems has been shown to depend on the temporal order of pre- and postsynaptic spiking. Spike timing-dependent modification of neuronal excitability and dendritic integration was also observed. Such ...
PDF
... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
Appetitive associative learning recruits a distinct
... To examine how neuronal activation patterns changed as a result of learning, the other half of the animals received 10 days of training (late training). Late training animals (late Paired: n = 7, late Tone: n = 8, late Food: n = 8) were perfused at the same time points following training/stimulus pr ...
... To examine how neuronal activation patterns changed as a result of learning, the other half of the animals received 10 days of training (late training). Late training animals (late Paired: n = 7, late Tone: n = 8, late Food: n = 8) were perfused at the same time points following training/stimulus pr ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... organization of a large area of cortex. Hence the inclusion of small clusters will tend to make us more conservative in assigning differences between the fields. We also carefully examined the spike shapes and ISI histograms for units recorded on neighbouring probe sites to ensure that responses on e ...
... organization of a large area of cortex. Hence the inclusion of small clusters will tend to make us more conservative in assigning differences between the fields. We also carefully examined the spike shapes and ISI histograms for units recorded on neighbouring probe sites to ensure that responses on e ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... to ensure optimal blackening levels, which minimizes the problem of f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). ...
... to ensure optimal blackening levels, which minimizes the problem of f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, 28). This theory allows for synchronous neuronal firing involving the domains of many astrocytes acting as a syncytium. A calcium wave produced by millions of astrocytes acting as a syncytium would, at the wave's termination, be expected to resu ...
... astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, 28). This theory allows for synchronous neuronal firing involving the domains of many astrocytes acting as a syncytium. A calcium wave produced by millions of astrocytes acting as a syncytium would, at the wave's termination, be expected to resu ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... in turn can activate the spinal motoneurons that innervate peripheral muscles contralateral to the stimulation site (see Fig. 2). The cortical representations of the intrinsic hand muscles have the lowest threshold for stimulation. The evoked muscle response, the so-called motor-evoked potential (ME ...
... in turn can activate the spinal motoneurons that innervate peripheral muscles contralateral to the stimulation site (see Fig. 2). The cortical representations of the intrinsic hand muscles have the lowest threshold for stimulation. The evoked muscle response, the so-called motor-evoked potential (ME ...
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... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... failed to switch their choice of stimulus after a large loss; and often did switch their choice even though they had just received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negat ...
... failed to switch their choice of stimulus after a large loss; and often did switch their choice even though they had just received a reward, and this has been quantified in a more recent study (Berlin et al., 2004). The importance of the failure to rapidly learn about the value of stimuli from negat ...
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia
... symptoms as a result of damage to only one station in one of the circuits. Thus, whereas the closed segregated organization provides a framework whereby damage to different stations of an individual circuit results in selective disturbances of motor, cognitive, or emotional behaviors, the open inter ...
... symptoms as a result of damage to only one station in one of the circuits. Thus, whereas the closed segregated organization provides a framework whereby damage to different stations of an individual circuit results in selective disturbances of motor, cognitive, or emotional behaviors, the open inter ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... Note that the motility of BDNF-containing vesicles was significantly reduced in hippocampal neurons from 5xFAD mice compared to wildtype littermates. (d) Bar diagram indicates the percentage of immobile BDNF-containing vesicles. Note that there are significantly more immobile vesicles in neurons of ...
... Note that the motility of BDNF-containing vesicles was significantly reduced in hippocampal neurons from 5xFAD mice compared to wildtype littermates. (d) Bar diagram indicates the percentage of immobile BDNF-containing vesicles. Note that there are significantly more immobile vesicles in neurons of ...
Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology
... a(l), and angle, (l), were analogous to Eq. 4. As in biological neurons, the dendritic diameter was not allowed to go ⬍0.2 m. The size of the soma was fixed at 20 m (length ⫽ diameter). The Gaussian function was chosen because it can, depending on the choice of parameters, approximate a number of ...
... a(l), and angle, (l), were analogous to Eq. 4. As in biological neurons, the dendritic diameter was not allowed to go ⬍0.2 m. The size of the soma was fixed at 20 m (length ⫽ diameter). The Gaussian function was chosen because it can, depending on the choice of parameters, approximate a number of ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... where tj is the time of the arrival (after axonal conduction delay) of the last spike of the jth presynaptic neuron. That is, the last firing of a presynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Such an implementation is consistent with the empirical data reported by Sjostrom et al. (20 ...
... where tj is the time of the arrival (after axonal conduction delay) of the last spike of the jth presynaptic neuron. That is, the last firing of a presynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Such an implementation is consistent with the empirical data reported by Sjostrom et al. (20 ...
Physiological and Morphological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission
... (DE), and cell 4 (VE) (Fig. 1). The notations of DI-I, VI-2, DE-3, and VE-4 are used to designate these identified motor neurons throughout this paper. Somata of leech swim motor neurons do not sustain overshooting impulses. Instead, remotely initiated impulses appear in somata recordings as small, ...
... (DE), and cell 4 (VE) (Fig. 1). The notations of DI-I, VI-2, DE-3, and VE-4 are used to designate these identified motor neurons throughout this paper. Somata of leech swim motor neurons do not sustain overshooting impulses. Instead, remotely initiated impulses appear in somata recordings as small, ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
521 THE CHOLINERGIC LIMBIC SYSTEM: PROJECTIONS TO
... (a) Nuclei supplying medial cortex.—The anterior thalamic nuclei are supplied directly by fornix fibres as well as indirectly through the mammillothalamic tract (Guillery, 1966; Nauta, 1956). The anteroventral nucleus is rich in both AChE and ChE, which is located in the cells and extracellularly in ...
... (a) Nuclei supplying medial cortex.—The anterior thalamic nuclei are supplied directly by fornix fibres as well as indirectly through the mammillothalamic tract (Guillery, 1966; Nauta, 1956). The anteroventral nucleus is rich in both AChE and ChE, which is located in the cells and extracellularly in ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... an esophageal response, including relaxation followed by an aftercontraction of the LES. Each 9-s stimuli typically evoked two swallowing responses. c-fos expression in vagal subnuclei with SLN stimulation. Successful studies were obtained in 4 or 5 animals in each group receiving SLN stimulation at ...
... an esophageal response, including relaxation followed by an aftercontraction of the LES. Each 9-s stimuli typically evoked two swallowing responses. c-fos expression in vagal subnuclei with SLN stimulation. Successful studies were obtained in 4 or 5 animals in each group receiving SLN stimulation at ...