The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... expression in transgenic female mice, the sex steroid-induced GnRH/LH surge does not occur compared with wild-type siblings (13). In rodents, tissue ablation studies have shown that the LH surge is also gated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to ensure that the surge occ ...
... expression in transgenic female mice, the sex steroid-induced GnRH/LH surge does not occur compared with wild-type siblings (13). In rodents, tissue ablation studies have shown that the LH surge is also gated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to ensure that the surge occ ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... areas can activate VIP neurons, which in turn suppress SOM neurons, and disinhibit pyramidal dendrites. Such dendritic disinhibitory circuit is proposed to gate excitatory inputs targeting pyramidal dendrites9–11 (Fig. 1a). Insofar as any cortical area receives inputs from tens of other areas and pr ...
... areas can activate VIP neurons, which in turn suppress SOM neurons, and disinhibit pyramidal dendrites. Such dendritic disinhibitory circuit is proposed to gate excitatory inputs targeting pyramidal dendrites9–11 (Fig. 1a). Insofar as any cortical area receives inputs from tens of other areas and pr ...
Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Kita, 2010). Such projections have been identified to include cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic components (Bevan and Bolam, 1995). The entopeduncular nucleus (EP, in rat and cat, equivalent to the internal segment of the globus pallidus or GPi in the monkey) receives input from the PPN (Sap ...
... Kita, 2010). Such projections have been identified to include cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic components (Bevan and Bolam, 1995). The entopeduncular nucleus (EP, in rat and cat, equivalent to the internal segment of the globus pallidus or GPi in the monkey) receives input from the PPN (Sap ...
Structure and Central Connections Of PERIPHERAL OLFACTORY
... was the first to claim that the olfactory cells were the only percipient elements for the sense of smell. However the postulated continuity between the nerve fibers and the receptors was demonstrated after the discovery by Cajal (12) , of nerve staining methods which provided this evidence. Observat ...
... was the first to claim that the olfactory cells were the only percipient elements for the sense of smell. However the postulated continuity between the nerve fibers and the receptors was demonstrated after the discovery by Cajal (12) , of nerve staining methods which provided this evidence. Observat ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... the transition from W to SWS. SWS was defined by sustained high-voltage slow waves in the EEG and lowered EMG activity. In the present study, D and SWS corresponded, respectively, to light and deep SWS. PS was defined by sustained theta waves and decreased delta waves in the EEG and the absence of E ...
... the transition from W to SWS. SWS was defined by sustained high-voltage slow waves in the EEG and lowered EMG activity. In the present study, D and SWS corresponded, respectively, to light and deep SWS. PS was defined by sustained theta waves and decreased delta waves in the EEG and the absence of E ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal acidification under different experimental conditions, an empirical measure of the rate of rise of the ratio values (in ratio units/min) was tabulated from all data points collected following removal of the ac ...
... unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal acidification under different experimental conditions, an empirical measure of the rate of rise of the ratio values (in ratio units/min) was tabulated from all data points collected following removal of the ac ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
... hypothalamus–lesioned animals, in fact have hypogonadism. Taken together, these data suggest that leptin is essential for normal functioning of the reproductive system (Barash et al., 1996; Chehab et al., 1996, 1997; Ahima et al., 1997; Cheung et al., 1997a; Montague et al., 1997). These observation ...
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 September 12, 2016
... NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 September 12, 2016 Control Mechanisms 2: Endocrine Control ...
... NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 September 12, 2016 Control Mechanisms 2: Endocrine Control ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer be ...
... either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer be ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
Reward and Aversion
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
... (DA) was once considered almost synonymous with reward, but investigation of exactly which of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitte ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Managing people in sport organisations: A strategic human
... expressed in the GI tract and the pancreas 2. and by somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract and the pancreas 3. Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via G ...
... expressed in the GI tract and the pancreas 2. and by somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract and the pancreas 3. Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via G ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
... Convergent data showed that bulbo-spinal serotonergic projections exert complex modulatory influences on nociceptive signaling within the dorsal horn. These neurons are located in the B3 area which comprises the median raphe magnus (RMg) and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular (LPGi) nuclei. Be ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... interest, selecting one goal from many is clearly a fundamental problem faced by the saccadic system. We recorded from visual, movement, and visuo-movement (VM) neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of monkeys performing a reaction-time visual-search task requiring them to make saccades to an odd- ...
... interest, selecting one goal from many is clearly a fundamental problem faced by the saccadic system. We recorded from visual, movement, and visuo-movement (VM) neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) of monkeys performing a reaction-time visual-search task requiring them to make saccades to an odd- ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... Second-order neurons were identified during recording sessions by their biphasic action potentials and distinctive response characteristics, especially receptive field size and NaCl responsiveness. In subsequent data analysis the very different neural response properties of the secondorder cells. co ...
... Second-order neurons were identified during recording sessions by their biphasic action potentials and distinctive response characteristics, especially receptive field size and NaCl responsiveness. In subsequent data analysis the very different neural response properties of the secondorder cells. co ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... weak respiratory modulation dominated when vagi were intact or during lung inflation with intact vagi (Dick et al. 2008; Rybak et al. 2008). Nevertheless, reciprocal synaptic interactions between a variety of medullary and pontine respiratory cells could be established (Rybak et al. 2008; Segers et ...
... weak respiratory modulation dominated when vagi were intact or during lung inflation with intact vagi (Dick et al. 2008; Rybak et al. 2008). Nevertheless, reciprocal synaptic interactions between a variety of medullary and pontine respiratory cells could be established (Rybak et al. 2008; Segers et ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... One of the functions of the excitatory subthalamic nucleus (STN) is to relay cortical activity to other basal ganglia structures. The response of the STN to cortical input is shaped by inhibition from the reciprocally connected globus pallidus (GP). To examine the activity in the STN–GP network in r ...
... One of the functions of the excitatory subthalamic nucleus (STN) is to relay cortical activity to other basal ganglia structures. The response of the STN to cortical input is shaped by inhibition from the reciprocally connected globus pallidus (GP). To examine the activity in the STN–GP network in r ...