Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... 1974; Costanzo and Mozell, 1976). Anatomical studies such as those by Land (1973) and Land and Shepherd (1974) have shown that there are particular areas of the olfactory epithelium which project to localized regions in the rabbit olfactory bulb. These anatomical studies, which depend primarily on d ...
... 1974; Costanzo and Mozell, 1976). Anatomical studies such as those by Land (1973) and Land and Shepherd (1974) have shown that there are particular areas of the olfactory epithelium which project to localized regions in the rabbit olfactory bulb. These anatomical studies, which depend primarily on d ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... pause for the total duration of gaze shifts, when the head is free to move. In the present study, carried out on alert cats with fixed heads, we present observations made during self-initiated saccades and during tracking of a moving target which show that the OPN population is not homogeneous. Of t ...
... pause for the total duration of gaze shifts, when the head is free to move. In the present study, carried out on alert cats with fixed heads, we present observations made during self-initiated saccades and during tracking of a moving target which show that the OPN population is not homogeneous. Of t ...
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
... The following table summarizes the major hormones synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland, along with summary statements about their major target organs and physiologic effects. Keep in mind that summaries are just that, and ongoing research continues to delineate additional, sometimes very ...
... The following table summarizes the major hormones synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland, along with summary statements about their major target organs and physiologic effects. Keep in mind that summaries are just that, and ongoing research continues to delineate additional, sometimes very ...
Seventeen
... The regions in which fibers of the olfactory tract terminate are connected, directly and indirectly, with the limbic system, hypothalamus, and reticular formation of the brain stem. These connections provide for visceral and behavioral responses to different odors. ...
... The regions in which fibers of the olfactory tract terminate are connected, directly and indirectly, with the limbic system, hypothalamus, and reticular formation of the brain stem. These connections provide for visceral and behavioral responses to different odors. ...
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... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
... some of the most exciting biophysical and structural studies in all of biology in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on the Kv channel ␣ subunits, which from a molecular standpoint are more amenable to structure-function analyses than are the larger Nav ␣ and Cav ␣1 subunits (187, 2 ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of excitatory striatal afferents in vitro leads to a long-lasting reduction in synaptic strength at MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through ...
... LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of excitatory striatal afferents in vitro leads to a long-lasting reduction in synaptic strength at MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... largest number of labeled cells was situated in the contralateral lateral nucleus, mostly ventrally, although we found some dorsally in the caudal part. Only in two animals was a neuron found in the anterior interpositus nucleus. Also, we found labeled neurons bilaterally in the caudal pole of the f ...
... largest number of labeled cells was situated in the contralateral lateral nucleus, mostly ventrally, although we found some dorsally in the caudal part. Only in two animals was a neuron found in the anterior interpositus nucleus. Also, we found labeled neurons bilaterally in the caudal pole of the f ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... facilitation of phrenic nerve amplitude and cycling frequency (Millhorn et al. 1980; Morris et al. 1996a,b, 2001; Mitchell et al. 2001). Similar patterns of central chemoreceptor stimulation do not produce this respiratory memory (Millhorn 1986). The network mechanisms through which each class of ch ...
... facilitation of phrenic nerve amplitude and cycling frequency (Millhorn et al. 1980; Morris et al. 1996a,b, 2001; Mitchell et al. 2001). Similar patterns of central chemoreceptor stimulation do not produce this respiratory memory (Millhorn 1986). The network mechanisms through which each class of ch ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... the proximal duodenum was made to remove gastric contents via lavage through the pylorus. Once the stomach was empty, a small gastric balloon was inserted through the duodenal incision, past the pylorus, and into the antrum. The gastric balloon was constructed from the small finger of a surgical glo ...
... the proximal duodenum was made to remove gastric contents via lavage through the pylorus. Once the stomach was empty, a small gastric balloon was inserted through the duodenal incision, past the pylorus, and into the antrum. The gastric balloon was constructed from the small finger of a surgical glo ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue was then placed overnight in goat antimouse IgG conjugated with the fl ...
... probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue was then placed overnight in goat antimouse IgG conjugated with the fl ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... – The Entorhinal Cortex is a gateway between the neocortex and the hippocampus, therefore it could contribute to this decoupling between neocortical UDS and hippocampal LIA. – Particularly well-suited for this purpose would be entorhinal cortex layer III neurons (ECIII), which directly project to th ...
... – The Entorhinal Cortex is a gateway between the neocortex and the hippocampus, therefore it could contribute to this decoupling between neocortical UDS and hippocampal LIA. – Particularly well-suited for this purpose would be entorhinal cortex layer III neurons (ECIII), which directly project to th ...
Hrk/DP5 contributes to the apoptosis of select neuronal populations
... array of developmental cues or experimentally applied stress stimuli. We have investigated, through gene targeting in mice, the biological roles for the BH3-only family member HRK (also known as DP5) in apoptosis regulation. Hrk gene expression was found to be restricted to cells and tissues of the ...
... array of developmental cues or experimentally applied stress stimuli. We have investigated, through gene targeting in mice, the biological roles for the BH3-only family member HRK (also known as DP5) in apoptosis regulation. Hrk gene expression was found to be restricted to cells and tissues of the ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of different subdomains of the CNS; rather, it is the extent ...
... this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of different subdomains of the CNS; rather, it is the extent ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
... Understanding the brain is a recent fascination in modern computing. We have come to realise that the brain is the most advanced computational tool that we know of, to be able to replicate neuronal processes could vastly improve current computational techniques. However, the more we understand the m ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
... The action potential is considered one of the major signalling events in the brain and malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of actio ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... in a 1% Triton X-100 solution, they were incubated in avidin– biotin peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and ...
... in a 1% Triton X-100 solution, they were incubated in avidin– biotin peroxidase complex (ABC; 1:200; Vectastain Elite kit; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The peroxidase reaction product was subsequently visualized by incubating the sections in 0.022% diaminobenzidine, 0.3% NiSO4(NH4)2SO4, and ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along t ...
... those in the lateral region, and these differences are related to their respective functions (Figure 16.1). The medial local circuit neurons, which supply the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along t ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T3 by 5’-monodeiodination of the outer ring of the molecule [14, 18]. In addition to regulating ...
... is also present in the cerebral cortex with relatively low activity, but in humans, D1 is absent from the CNS [21, 22]. The main source of extra-thyroidal T3 is type 2 deiodinase (D2) that converts T4 to T3 by 5’-monodeiodination of the outer ring of the molecule [14, 18]. In addition to regulating ...
Antennal Mechanosensory Neurons Mediate Wing Motor Reflexes
... To induce different types of antennal motion during imaging experiments, we presented horizontal and vertical large-field motion to the flies by moving a square wave pattern with a fundamental spatial frequency of 36° at the center (18° of fully lit LEDs, 18° of dark LEDs). The temporal frequency of ...
... To induce different types of antennal motion during imaging experiments, we presented horizontal and vertical large-field motion to the flies by moving a square wave pattern with a fundamental spatial frequency of 36° at the center (18° of fully lit LEDs, 18° of dark LEDs). The temporal frequency of ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... Whereas the concentration of extracellular Cl– tends to remain the same throughout development, cytoplasmic Cl– levels often decrease in the CNS, especially during brain maturation18. As a result, anionic presynaptic receptors often elicit depolarization early in development, but hyperpolarization i ...
... Whereas the concentration of extracellular Cl– tends to remain the same throughout development, cytoplasmic Cl– levels often decrease in the CNS, especially during brain maturation18. As a result, anionic presynaptic receptors often elicit depolarization early in development, but hyperpolarization i ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... orientation selectivity exclusively from the elongated shapes of their RFs. To accomplish this objective, it was necessary to define specific, plausible RF structures that either contained or lacked inhibitory sidebands so that we could quantitatively compare the fit of each recorded neuron with eac ...
... orientation selectivity exclusively from the elongated shapes of their RFs. To accomplish this objective, it was necessary to define specific, plausible RF structures that either contained or lacked inhibitory sidebands so that we could quantitatively compare the fit of each recorded neuron with eac ...