Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Why Are Olfactory Systems of Different Animals So Similar?
... groups, and their dendrites project to a dense olfactory epithelium at the tip of the tentacle. The axons of most of these cells project a short distance into regions associated with the tentacle ganglion [Chase and Tolloczko, 1993]. In Caenorhabditis elegans, olfactory receptor neurons are found i ...
... groups, and their dendrites project to a dense olfactory epithelium at the tip of the tentacle. The axons of most of these cells project a short distance into regions associated with the tentacle ganglion [Chase and Tolloczko, 1993]. In Caenorhabditis elegans, olfactory receptor neurons are found i ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination is not homogeneous: there appear to exist large tracts of bare axons and the length of the axonal initial segment was unexpectedly long. This do ...
... to set aside the frayed metaphor of myelin as insulation and appreciate the more fascinating reality”. The revolutionary data demonstrated that myelination is not homogeneous: there appear to exist large tracts of bare axons and the length of the axonal initial segment was unexpectedly long. This do ...
Introduction to biophysics
... Figure 4: The major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships. A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (spinal and cranial nerves). B) The peripheral nervous system receives sensory input and outputs motor commands. The central nervous system provides the ’mapping’ ...
... Figure 4: The major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships. A) The CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (spinal and cranial nerves). B) The peripheral nervous system receives sensory input and outputs motor commands. The central nervous system provides the ’mapping’ ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... cell downstream or independently of cell surface receptors and other neurons, and their role in dendrite morphogenesis in both invertebrates and mammals. In doing so, we provide a comprehensive review of dendrite biology, offering insights into potential areas of future investigation and conveying b ...
... cell downstream or independently of cell surface receptors and other neurons, and their role in dendrite morphogenesis in both invertebrates and mammals. In doing so, we provide a comprehensive review of dendrite biology, offering insights into potential areas of future investigation and conveying b ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... cortices, the thalamic reticular nucleus, and the basal ganglia (GPi and SNr). We used the same approach to map projection neurons in the VA after injection of fluorescent dyes or HRP-WGA in prefrontal cortices. We viewed brain sections with a fluorescence microscope, or under brightfield illuminati ...
... cortices, the thalamic reticular nucleus, and the basal ganglia (GPi and SNr). We used the same approach to map projection neurons in the VA after injection of fluorescent dyes or HRP-WGA in prefrontal cortices. We viewed brain sections with a fluorescence microscope, or under brightfield illuminati ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Reduces Amyloidogenic
... expression of total TrkB but a distinct increase in the active phosphorylated receptor variant (p-TrkB) in both genotypes (Fig. 6) (Knusel et al., 1997). As described previously (Ge and Lahiri, 2002; Ruiz-León and Pascual, 2004), application of BDNF also raised neuronal APP levels in our experiment ...
... expression of total TrkB but a distinct increase in the active phosphorylated receptor variant (p-TrkB) in both genotypes (Fig. 6) (Knusel et al., 1997). As described previously (Ge and Lahiri, 2002; Ruiz-León and Pascual, 2004), application of BDNF also raised neuronal APP levels in our experiment ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... thalamic input at baseline, during whisker movement and during touch. We used the model to ...
... thalamic input at baseline, during whisker movement and during touch. We used the model to ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... retinal ganglion cells that contain the photosensitive pigment, melanopsin, and direct glutamatergic projections that increase neuronal electrical firing and induce clock gene expression in the core region of the SCN (Qiu et al., 2005;Hastings & Herzog, 2004). Neuronal activation spreads to the oute ...
... retinal ganglion cells that contain the photosensitive pigment, melanopsin, and direct glutamatergic projections that increase neuronal electrical firing and induce clock gene expression in the core region of the SCN (Qiu et al., 2005;Hastings & Herzog, 2004). Neuronal activation spreads to the oute ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... the number of neurons increases, the number of possible synaptic connections goes up astronomically. Whereas the 5 × 5 matrix in Figure 10–5 has 2(5×5) or ~30 million possible binary codes, a 100 × 100 matrix has 2(100×100) or ~103000 possible binary codes, more than there are atoms in the universe ...
... the number of neurons increases, the number of possible synaptic connections goes up astronomically. Whereas the 5 × 5 matrix in Figure 10–5 has 2(5×5) or ~30 million possible binary codes, a 100 × 100 matrix has 2(100×100) or ~103000 possible binary codes, more than there are atoms in the universe ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003). Despite these peripheral and central constraints on audito ...
... and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003). Despite these peripheral and central constraints on audito ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was the first receptor to be extensively studied, after its identification in the early twentieth century as the receptive substance that mediated the actions of synthetic nicotine (Langley, 1905). A series of classic studies then characterized the struct ...
... The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was the first receptor to be extensively studied, after its identification in the early twentieth century as the receptive substance that mediated the actions of synthetic nicotine (Langley, 1905). A series of classic studies then characterized the struct ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
... Immunostaining of Adenosine Deaminase and c-Fos After 1 wk of handling, a separate group of rats was given caffeine intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg in 1 ml of sterile saline, n ⫽ 4) at 12:00 PM. A control group was similarly handled and received an equal volume of saline (n ⫽ 3). Ninety minutes after ca ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... the embryo, a small number of identifiable neurons are present in these areas (see below), suggesting that a cellular definition of the locomotor circuits may be possible in this preparation. Furthermore, genetic ...
... the embryo, a small number of identifiable neurons are present in these areas (see below), suggesting that a cellular definition of the locomotor circuits may be possible in this preparation. Furthermore, genetic ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... the electrode track tended to have similar ERF properties, either inhibitory (S ⬍ 0) or facilitatory (S ⬎ 0). Second, the length of electrode track covering neurons of similar ERF properties appeared to be limited, with each electrode track encountering several groups of neurons that alternated betw ...
... the electrode track tended to have similar ERF properties, either inhibitory (S ⬍ 0) or facilitatory (S ⬎ 0). Second, the length of electrode track covering neurons of similar ERF properties appeared to be limited, with each electrode track encountering several groups of neurons that alternated betw ...
A Lipid Gate for the Peripheral Control of Pain
... endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and the mechanism. Are both CB1 and CB2 required for this response or MGL inhibitor JZL-184 are also effective in suppressing mechanis CB2 activation alone sufficient to control pain? To add ...
... endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and the mechanism. Are both CB1 and CB2 required for this response or MGL inhibitor JZL-184 are also effective in suppressing mechanis CB2 activation alone sufficient to control pain? To add ...
the functional properties of the light
... many parts of the neuraxis might equaIly well qualify for an “associative” function. It remains to be shown on quantitative grounds in what way the activities of these cells, evoked by a variety of stimuli, might provide some higher order or abstracted replicate of a complex sensory event, e.g., a p ...
... many parts of the neuraxis might equaIly well qualify for an “associative” function. It remains to be shown on quantitative grounds in what way the activities of these cells, evoked by a variety of stimuli, might provide some higher order or abstracted replicate of a complex sensory event, e.g., a p ...
Document
... on different central nervous system populations, and long-term morphological changes are of obvious importance in functional connectivity (Lisman and Harris, 1993; Pierce and Lewin, 1994). Neurotrophins such as BDNF and NT-3 produce rapid increases in synaptic strength in nerve–muscle synapses, as w ...
... on different central nervous system populations, and long-term morphological changes are of obvious importance in functional connectivity (Lisman and Harris, 1993; Pierce and Lewin, 1994). Neurotrophins such as BDNF and NT-3 produce rapid increases in synaptic strength in nerve–muscle synapses, as w ...
- White Rose Research Online
... GABAergic microcircuit formed by the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) of the adult rat striatum. We grew dendrite and axon models for these neurons and extracted probabilities for the presence of these neurites as a function of distance from the soma. From these, we f ...
... GABAergic microcircuit formed by the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) of the adult rat striatum. We grew dendrite and axon models for these neurons and extracted probabilities for the presence of these neurites as a function of distance from the soma. From these, we f ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...