the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... include firing to even viscous liquids, and sufficiently short so that low viscosity taste stimuli were still activating the neurons, as shown in Fig. 2 of Rolls et al. (2003) and in Fig. 4. An ANOVA was performed (with SPSS) to determine whether the neuron had significantly different responses to t ...
... include firing to even viscous liquids, and sufficiently short so that low viscosity taste stimuli were still activating the neurons, as shown in Fig. 2 of Rolls et al. (2003) and in Fig. 4. An ANOVA was performed (with SPSS) to determine whether the neuron had significantly different responses to t ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neuro ...
... populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neuro ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. The organi ...
... subsystems offers not only the potential for insights into the development of the system, but may also help in understanding disorders arising from aberrant cell migration. The olfactory system is an ancient sensory circuit that is essential for the survival and reproduction of a species. The organi ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... neuron and combinatorial mechanisms that involve many transcription factors. Transcription regulators of class I dendritic arborization neuron dendrite morphology. A systematic RNA interference screen has been used to identify more than 70 transcription factors that affect dendrite morphogenesis Box ...
... neuron and combinatorial mechanisms that involve many transcription factors. Transcription regulators of class I dendritic arborization neuron dendrite morphology. A systematic RNA interference screen has been used to identify more than 70 transcription factors that affect dendrite morphogenesis Box ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... et al., 2001; Crowley & Katz, 2000; LeVay, Stryker, & Shatz, 1978). Beyond this period, the refinement and maintenance of synaptic connections for encoding behaviorally relevant information depends upon the quality of visual experience from the outside world. In amblyopia, the disruption of normal b ...
... et al., 2001; Crowley & Katz, 2000; LeVay, Stryker, & Shatz, 1978). Beyond this period, the refinement and maintenance of synaptic connections for encoding behaviorally relevant information depends upon the quality of visual experience from the outside world. In amblyopia, the disruption of normal b ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
... gen). Reactions were then incubated at 50°C for 1 h and 75°C for 10 min mouse line with a fluorescently labeled population distinct from that of and stored at 4°C. Positive controls [whole-brain RNA preparations GIN neurons, we examined mice generated by insertion of a modified (RNeasy kit; Qiagen, ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... monkey keeping its hand on the bar. After a period of 1 s, the centrally positioned LED was illuminated with a green light as a cue for the forthcoming trigger stimulus. The cue presentation (500 ms) was followed by a fixed delay of 1 s at the end of which one of the three LEDs was illuminated with ...
... monkey keeping its hand on the bar. After a period of 1 s, the centrally positioned LED was illuminated with a green light as a cue for the forthcoming trigger stimulus. The cue presentation (500 ms) was followed by a fixed delay of 1 s at the end of which one of the three LEDs was illuminated with ...
PDF
... inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward and to reward omission (Fig. 3j; r = 0.10, P = 0.47). Thus, ipsilateral lesions of OFC substantially diminished the normal effect of learning on firing in response to unexpected reward and reward omission in VTA dopamine ...
... inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward and to reward omission (Fig. 3j; r = 0.10, P = 0.47). Thus, ipsilateral lesions of OFC substantially diminished the normal effect of learning on firing in response to unexpected reward and reward omission in VTA dopamine ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... In the visual task, the experimenter, facing the monkey, started with the hand from a fixed position (Fig. 1B, left), then grasped a piece of food or an object (Fig. 1B, right), brought the food to his mouth, and ate it (grasp-to-eat, Fig. 1B—I) or placed the food (or the object) into a container loc ...
... In the visual task, the experimenter, facing the monkey, started with the hand from a fixed position (Fig. 1B, left), then grasped a piece of food or an object (Fig. 1B, right), brought the food to his mouth, and ate it (grasp-to-eat, Fig. 1B—I) or placed the food (or the object) into a container loc ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
nervous tissue, 030717
... Some axons are very short to propagate action potentials over distances of 1 mm or less, while others can be very long to propagate over much longer distances, such as between the brain and spinal cord. Transduce = convert energy from one form to another. ...
... Some axons are very short to propagate action potentials over distances of 1 mm or less, while others can be very long to propagate over much longer distances, such as between the brain and spinal cord. Transduce = convert energy from one form to another. ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
... Neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are highly heterogeneous in their discharge properties, their neurochemical markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... automatic, we can suppress them. What part of the NS is needed for this supression? (Clue: The part that handles conscious action.) ...
... automatic, we can suppress them. What part of the NS is needed for this supression? (Clue: The part that handles conscious action.) ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... 5. It is routinely possible to obtain simultaneous recordings of most, if not all, relevant circuit neurons, using a combination of intracellular and extracellular recordings. Routine STNS experiments include 4 simultaneous intracellular recordings and 8–12 extracellular nerve recordings. 6. The lar ...
... 5. It is routinely possible to obtain simultaneous recordings of most, if not all, relevant circuit neurons, using a combination of intracellular and extracellular recordings. Routine STNS experiments include 4 simultaneous intracellular recordings and 8–12 extracellular nerve recordings. 6. The lar ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... to the stimulated structure. It is worth noting that, although successful The fixation task (Fig. 2 A) was used to map visual receptive fields, to orthodromic/antidromic activation provides clear evidence of conneccompare visual responsivity under passive (fixation) versus active (sactivity, the fai ...
... to the stimulated structure. It is worth noting that, although successful The fixation task (Fig. 2 A) was used to map visual receptive fields, to orthodromic/antidromic activation provides clear evidence of conneccompare visual responsivity under passive (fixation) versus active (sactivity, the fai ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... were dense cored when NE uptake at the neuronal membrane was reduced in the presence of desipramine (2, 21) (Table I). Blocking NE uptake at the vesicle membrane level by incubating the cultures in reserpine (10) before the start of the experiments also resulted in a low percent of DCV (12%, Table I ...
... were dense cored when NE uptake at the neuronal membrane was reduced in the presence of desipramine (2, 21) (Table I). Blocking NE uptake at the vesicle membrane level by incubating the cultures in reserpine (10) before the start of the experiments also resulted in a low percent of DCV (12%, Table I ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... aimed to confirm histologically as many IO stimulation sites as possible (see Fig. 1d). By adopting these approaches, it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the IO was the main if not exclusive target of spinal projection neurons identified in this study and the term “spino-olivary” is used ac ...
... aimed to confirm histologically as many IO stimulation sites as possible (see Fig. 1d). By adopting these approaches, it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the IO was the main if not exclusive target of spinal projection neurons identified in this study and the term “spino-olivary” is used ac ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal proje ...
... general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal proje ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... The same methodology (Fig. 4a; Supplementary Fig. 12) revealed that LHb inputs synapse on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to ...
... The same methodology (Fig. 4a; Supplementary Fig. 12) revealed that LHb inputs synapse on a different subpopulation of VTA DA neurons as well as on GABAergic cells in the RMTg. ChR2-EYFP expressing fibers from the LHb were found in medial posterior VTA in close proximity to DA neurons projecting to ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... with characteristic afferent and efferent projections, dendritic morphologies and molecular identities. In general, neurons across the nervous system exhibit type-specific patterns of dendritic arbors with highly specified membrane properties that define the computational capability of each cell (Ra ...
... with characteristic afferent and efferent projections, dendritic morphologies and molecular identities. In general, neurons across the nervous system exhibit type-specific patterns of dendritic arbors with highly specified membrane properties that define the computational capability of each cell (Ra ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...