![Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/019365122_1-3d0fee86559691a3753f7616c74ee6d8-300x300.png)
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... At the end of larval life, Drosophila enters the prepupal stage, then ecdyses to a pupa to initiate the transformation to the adult that occurs during metamorphosis. Pupal ecdysis consists of a sequence of behavioral subroutines, which starts with the preparatory behavior of pre-ecdysis, during whic ...
... At the end of larval life, Drosophila enters the prepupal stage, then ecdyses to a pupa to initiate the transformation to the adult that occurs during metamorphosis. Pupal ecdysis consists of a sequence of behavioral subroutines, which starts with the preparatory behavior of pre-ecdysis, during whic ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Intersegmental synchronization of spontaneous activity of dorsal
... confirmed the findings of Brown et al. (1979). In addition, they indicated that the dorsal horn neurons with correlated discharges showed the highest incidence of overlapping receptive fields. However, in these studies, very little information was presented on mechanisms and/or pathways contributing ...
... confirmed the findings of Brown et al. (1979). In addition, they indicated that the dorsal horn neurons with correlated discharges showed the highest incidence of overlapping receptive fields. However, in these studies, very little information was presented on mechanisms and/or pathways contributing ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... peaks corresponded to the evenly spaced action potentials of a regular discharge. In unusual chopper neurons, the action potential associated with a particular peak could fail to occur during any one presentation of the stimulus. Unusual chopper neurons had a relatively irregular discharge. Phasic n ...
... peaks corresponded to the evenly spaced action potentials of a regular discharge. In unusual chopper neurons, the action potential associated with a particular peak could fail to occur during any one presentation of the stimulus. Unusual chopper neurons had a relatively irregular discharge. Phasic n ...
Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of NMDA Receptor Channels
... neurons. Calcium is a key intracellular signaling molecule involved in many types of neural plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll 1999), but it is also a key mediator of excitotoxic cell death if present in excess (Mattson ...
... neurons. Calcium is a key intracellular signaling molecule involved in many types of neural plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll 1999), but it is also a key mediator of excitotoxic cell death if present in excess (Mattson ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... different intrinsic properties (Fig. 2(b)). Fig. 2(a) shows intracellular recordings from three neurons during ongoing pyloric rhythm activity, the anterior burster (AB), pyloric dilator (PD) and lateral pyloric (LP) neurons. Although all of them fire in bursts while synaptically coupled, when these ...
... different intrinsic properties (Fig. 2(b)). Fig. 2(a) shows intracellular recordings from three neurons during ongoing pyloric rhythm activity, the anterior burster (AB), pyloric dilator (PD) and lateral pyloric (LP) neurons. Although all of them fire in bursts while synaptically coupled, when these ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... of muscles and inhibition of their antagonists—those that act in the opposite direction—is what Sherrington called reciprocal innervation, a key principle of motor organization that is discussed later in this chapter. The reflex can produce an opposite effect in the contralateral limb, that is, exci ...
... of muscles and inhibition of their antagonists—those that act in the opposite direction—is what Sherrington called reciprocal innervation, a key principle of motor organization that is discussed later in this chapter. The reflex can produce an opposite effect in the contralateral limb, that is, exci ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... muscles (62). Two other surface proteins, semaphorin II and connectin, were found to prevent formation of selective innervation by the proper motoneuron when they were expressed at high levels on the target muscle fibers (244, 272), suggesting a repulsive action of these molecules on the growth cone ...
... muscles (62). Two other surface proteins, semaphorin II and connectin, were found to prevent formation of selective innervation by the proper motoneuron when they were expressed at high levels on the target muscle fibers (244, 272), suggesting a repulsive action of these molecules on the growth cone ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-buffering proteins, calbindin-D28 K and calretinin, whereas the majority of ventral tier SNc DA neurons appear to lack these proteins [97]. This difference has been implicated in the Ca2þ dependence of somatodendritic DA release, with high c ...
... SNc DA neurons and VTA DA neurons are enriched in the Ca2þ-buffering proteins, calbindin-D28 K and calretinin, whereas the majority of ventral tier SNc DA neurons appear to lack these proteins [97]. This difference has been implicated in the Ca2þ dependence of somatodendritic DA release, with high c ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... However, during the saccade task, the latencies of the responses around reward onset ranged between 100 ms before and 200 ms after the reward onset. These results suggest that the activity observed after appropriate saccade during the task may include response associated with reward. We found that t ...
... However, during the saccade task, the latencies of the responses around reward onset ranged between 100 ms before and 200 ms after the reward onset. These results suggest that the activity observed after appropriate saccade during the task may include response associated with reward. We found that t ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
... Even within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the key brain area responsible for the reinforcing properties of all drugs of abuse, nicotine acts on several different cell types and afferents. Identifying the precise action of nicotine on this microcircuit, in vivo, is important to understand reinfor ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
... discrimination capabalities; the research by Smith and Li further suggests that many cells may normally be under GABAergic inhibition because after GABA inhibition was removed, cells responded more equally to the top two best stimuli, but when GABA was present their response was sharpened to be hig ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–15 cm carapace length, of either sex. Niles Biological Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA) were used in ...
... Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–15 cm carapace length, of either sex. Niles Biological Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA) were used in ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... visual areas located in the parietal and temporal lobes. Connections between areas in these two pathways are lamina-specific, and contrasting patterns of laminar origin and termination of pathways have been used to arrange visual areas into anatomical hierarchies (Rockland and Pandya, 1979; Wong-Ril ...
... visual areas located in the parietal and temporal lobes. Connections between areas in these two pathways are lamina-specific, and contrasting patterns of laminar origin and termination of pathways have been used to arrange visual areas into anatomical hierarchies (Rockland and Pandya, 1979; Wong-Ril ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... given motor root(s)] dystonias are commonly seen in clinical practice. Little is known about the pathologic anatomy or pathophysiology of dystonia. Necropsies of patients with idiopathic generalized or focal dystonias have been unrevealing. Radiologic studies of patients with so-called symptomatic h ...
... given motor root(s)] dystonias are commonly seen in clinical practice. Little is known about the pathologic anatomy or pathophysiology of dystonia. Necropsies of patients with idiopathic generalized or focal dystonias have been unrevealing. Radiologic studies of patients with so-called symptomatic h ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... the interaction between the neurons is mediated by both chemical and electrical synapses. A neuronal model taking into account more biological details such as the Morris-Lecar is also considered. In the last part of the chapter we develop a mean-field theoretical framework that qualitatively reprodu ...
... the interaction between the neurons is mediated by both chemical and electrical synapses. A neuronal model taking into account more biological details such as the Morris-Lecar is also considered. In the last part of the chapter we develop a mean-field theoretical framework that qualitatively reprodu ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... to pick it up. The visual response of tool-responding mirror neurons was always excitatory. Note that in 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made with the biological effector, whereas in 4 neurons, this response was absent. The responses of tool-responding mirror n ...
... to pick it up. The visual response of tool-responding mirror neurons was always excitatory. Note that in 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made with the biological effector, whereas in 4 neurons, this response was absent. The responses of tool-responding mirror n ...
Activity Regulates the Synaptic Localization of the NMDA Receptor
... antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and assessed the patterns of NR1 and synaptophysin immunostaining (Figure 3). Chronic treatment with TTX had a similar effect to that of APV, causing a 320% increase in NR1 cluster number and a shift toward more synaptic clusters. CNQX caused a ...
... antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and assessed the patterns of NR1 and synaptophysin immunostaining (Figure 3). Chronic treatment with TTX had a similar effect to that of APV, causing a 320% increase in NR1 cluster number and a shift toward more synaptic clusters. CNQX caused a ...
2906_lect8
... by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability Example: Going out of town, coming back and noticing how your house smells ...
... by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability Example: Going out of town, coming back and noticing how your house smells ...
07.11 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... monkey kidney cells (supplied by Dr. Richard Dix, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL) (Dix et al., 1983). The specific parameters associated with each virus experiment, such as the region of cortex injected, the virus titer, the number of injection sites, the total volume of virus inj ...
... monkey kidney cells (supplied by Dr. Richard Dix, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL) (Dix et al., 1983). The specific parameters associated with each virus experiment, such as the region of cortex injected, the virus titer, the number of injection sites, the total volume of virus inj ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... Feeding and navigation are just two examples of a more general capability: that of recognizing a chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able ...
... Feeding and navigation are just two examples of a more general capability: that of recognizing a chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...