Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... response map types that are typical of unexposed animals. These maps are actually taken from exposed animals, but are at BFs with little or no threshold shift. The right column shows response maps at BFs with substantial threshold shift. Type II response maps (Fig. 2A) show narrowly-tuned excitatory ...
... response map types that are typical of unexposed animals. These maps are actually taken from exposed animals, but are at BFs with little or no threshold shift. The right column shows response maps at BFs with substantial threshold shift. Type II response maps (Fig. 2A) show narrowly-tuned excitatory ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... Bouton cluster identification using the mean-shift algorithm The three-dimensional arborization pattern of an axon is typically heterogenous, composed of spatially separated regions with intense axonal arborizations and bouton formation (see Fig. 1). These “patches” have a high bouton density relati ...
... Bouton cluster identification using the mean-shift algorithm The three-dimensional arborization pattern of an axon is typically heterogenous, composed of spatially separated regions with intense axonal arborizations and bouton formation (see Fig. 1). These “patches” have a high bouton density relati ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... comprise approximately 70% of the cells within the islets. The remaining cells consist of α-cells that secrete glucagon, δ-cells that secrete somatostatin, and cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The main function of the exocrine pancreas is to aid in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes ...
... comprise approximately 70% of the cells within the islets. The remaining cells consist of α-cells that secrete glucagon, δ-cells that secrete somatostatin, and cells that secrete pancreatic polypeptide. The main function of the exocrine pancreas is to aid in digestion by secreting digestive enzymes ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... field. This allowed obtaining a random sample of neurons distributed over the IC slice. Neuronal somata were outlined manually on the digital image and tagged uniquely. The initial dendritic segment was ignored for analysis whenever it was stained (which happened very rarely due to the section thickn ...
... field. This allowed obtaining a random sample of neurons distributed over the IC slice. Neuronal somata were outlined manually on the digital image and tagged uniquely. The initial dendritic segment was ignored for analysis whenever it was stained (which happened very rarely due to the section thickn ...
Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
... at papilla level is present but not absolute exclusiveness (at higher concentrations of taste stimuli) ...
... at papilla level is present but not absolute exclusiveness (at higher concentrations of taste stimuli) ...
Development and evolution of the insect mushroom bodies: towards
... neurons arising from the minute basophilic perikarya of globuli cells. Early studies described these structures as centers for intelligence and other higher functions; at present, the mushroom bodies are regarded as important models for the neural basis of learning and memory. The insect mushroom bo ...
... neurons arising from the minute basophilic perikarya of globuli cells. Early studies described these structures as centers for intelligence and other higher functions; at present, the mushroom bodies are regarded as important models for the neural basis of learning and memory. The insect mushroom bo ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... labeling appear quite similar. GABAergic axon terminals are particularIy prominent in zones known to receive the bulk of the projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus; laminae 4C, 4A, and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3. In lamina 4A, GABAergic terminals are distributed in a honeycomb ...
... labeling appear quite similar. GABAergic axon terminals are particularIy prominent in zones known to receive the bulk of the projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus; laminae 4C, 4A, and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3. In lamina 4A, GABAergic terminals are distributed in a honeycomb ...
doc PHGY311
... median eminence is traversed by the axons of hypothalamic neurons ending in the posterior pituitary. The median eminence funnels down to form the infundibular portion of the neurohypophysis (also called the infundibular stalk). In practical terms, the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary can be co ...
... median eminence is traversed by the axons of hypothalamic neurons ending in the posterior pituitary. The median eminence funnels down to form the infundibular portion of the neurohypophysis (also called the infundibular stalk). In practical terms, the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary can be co ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... Abstract—The baroreceptor reflex is critical for homeostatic regulation of blood pressure and is initiated centrally by glutamate release from baroreceptive afferents onto neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract that activates AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The GluR1 subunit of the AMPA recepto ...
... Abstract—The baroreceptor reflex is critical for homeostatic regulation of blood pressure and is initiated centrally by glutamate release from baroreceptive afferents onto neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract that activates AMPA-type glutamate receptors. The GluR1 subunit of the AMPA recepto ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... electrical signals to relay information from one part of the neuron to another. The neuron converts the electrical signal to a chemical signal in order to pass the information to another neuron. The target neuron then converts the message back to an electrical impulse to continue the process. Within ...
... electrical signals to relay information from one part of the neuron to another. The neuron converts the electrical signal to a chemical signal in order to pass the information to another neuron. The target neuron then converts the message back to an electrical impulse to continue the process. Within ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the goal. Although some other specific visual characteristics have been already observed in the early studies on mirror neurons, these characteristics have been recently re-investigated and will be dealt with below. An important aspect ...
... motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the goal. Although some other specific visual characteristics have been already observed in the early studies on mirror neurons, these characteristics have been recently re-investigated and will be dealt with below. An important aspect ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... that poly(A) mRNA and associated ribosomes were excluded from tightly bundled microtubules. Introduction Neurons are highly polarized cells with two morphologically and functionally distinct types of processes: axons and dendrites. Protein synthesis is restricted to the somatodendritic compartment i ...
... that poly(A) mRNA and associated ribosomes were excluded from tightly bundled microtubules. Introduction Neurons are highly polarized cells with two morphologically and functionally distinct types of processes: axons and dendrites. Protein synthesis is restricted to the somatodendritic compartment i ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version 2.4.5 for Windows): (a) the hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), (b) the hyperstriatum ventrale and hyperstriatum dorsale together (HV/HD), (c) the neostriatum and ectostriatum together (Neo/Ecto), and (d) the ...
... Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version 2.4.5 for Windows): (a) the hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), (b) the hyperstriatum ventrale and hyperstriatum dorsale together (HV/HD), (c) the neostriatum and ectostriatum together (Neo/Ecto), and (d) the ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... the fiberlike extension of the olfactory receptor neuron that transmits receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and ...
... the fiberlike extension of the olfactory receptor neuron that transmits receptor signals to the olfactory bulb. Axons expressing the same receptor type join in sets of fiber bundles through which these signals are transmitted. At the olfactory bulb, these signals are interpreted at the glomeruli and ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal and ventral divisions with few, if any, in the medial division; 2) only a small fraction, about 1%or less, of auditory thalamic n ...
... were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal and ventral divisions with few, if any, in the medial division; 2) only a small fraction, about 1%or less, of auditory thalamic n ...
Expression of AMPA/kainate receptors during development of chick
... GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4 and GluR6/7 was determined in the retinospheroids and in chick retinas by immunodetection using polyclonal antibodies. The changes in [Ca2+ ]i in response to 400 M kainate increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and remained constant until day 14, whereas the [Ca2+ ]i in respon ...
... GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4 and GluR6/7 was determined in the retinospheroids and in chick retinas by immunodetection using polyclonal antibodies. The changes in [Ca2+ ]i in response to 400 M kainate increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and remained constant until day 14, whereas the [Ca2+ ]i in respon ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... mean values of determined parameters from 66 ER on 11 animals (six strongest ER were evaluated in each animal) are presented in Table 1. Similarly as in coughing, kainic acid injections given to PRG prevented the appearance of any sign of ER (Fig. 3) in all 213 tests of glottal stimulation. Aspirati ...
... mean values of determined parameters from 66 ER on 11 animals (six strongest ER were evaluated in each animal) are presented in Table 1. Similarly as in coughing, kainic acid injections given to PRG prevented the appearance of any sign of ER (Fig. 3) in all 213 tests of glottal stimulation. Aspirati ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988), and catfish amacrine and ganglion cells (Sakai and Naka, 1987). The rectifying process in vertebrate retina seems to accompany either a saturating (Hochstein and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988) or an accelerating process (Sakai and Naka, 1987; Enroth-Cugell and Freeman ...
... and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988), and catfish amacrine and ganglion cells (Sakai and Naka, 1987). The rectifying process in vertebrate retina seems to accompany either a saturating (Hochstein and Shapley, 1976; Victor, 1988) or an accelerating process (Sakai and Naka, 1987; Enroth-Cugell and Freeman ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... in the hepatic portal vein within 7 minutes, whereas systemic osmolality remains unchanged for up to 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that mi ...
... in the hepatic portal vein within 7 minutes, whereas systemic osmolality remains unchanged for up to 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that mi ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1))25 into CEl or CEm. Whereas injections into CEm resulted in intense retrograde labelling of neurons in CEl, CEm remain ...
... from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1))25 into CEl or CEm. Whereas injections into CEm resulted in intense retrograde labelling of neurons in CEl, CEm remain ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... nigra pars reticulata at 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Compared with the control group, there was no significant change in electrical membrane properties and synaptic responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons examined at one to two weeks after middle cerebral artery occ ...
... nigra pars reticulata at 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Compared with the control group, there was no significant change in electrical membrane properties and synaptic responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons examined at one to two weeks after middle cerebral artery occ ...