Report - Ben Hayden
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
Examples of well-written lab reports, by section
... key each time he or she heard the auditory cue from behind. Again, the button was pressed ten times for each subject, with forty-four subjects. The same steps used for visual cues were repeated to acquire the reaction times from Labscribe and average each subject’s times. The subsequent parts requir ...
... key each time he or she heard the auditory cue from behind. Again, the button was pressed ten times for each subject, with forty-four subjects. The same steps used for visual cues were repeated to acquire the reaction times from Labscribe and average each subject’s times. The subsequent parts requir ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... performed. Throughout the experiment the animal was infused with methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection o ...
... performed. Throughout the experiment the animal was infused with methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection o ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... The site where the axon of a presynaptic neuron makes contact with the dendrite (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leavin ...
... The site where the axon of a presynaptic neuron makes contact with the dendrite (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leavin ...
Dexamethasone Rapidly Increases GABA Release in the Dorsal
... in mIPSC amplitude. These results suggested that the DEX effect occurred subsequent to activation of a receptor associated with the postsynaptic membrane and did not require binding to an intracellular receptor. Rapid glucocorticoid effects in hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons are mediated by a G ...
... in mIPSC amplitude. These results suggested that the DEX effect occurred subsequent to activation of a receptor associated with the postsynaptic membrane and did not require binding to an intracellular receptor. Rapid glucocorticoid effects in hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons are mediated by a G ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... syndrome have been used to assess the consequences of the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiol ...
... syndrome have been used to assess the consequences of the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiol ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... appropriate responses)11,12. How a set-point for BP might be encoded by the CNS and the nature of the error signals have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly q ...
... appropriate responses)11,12. How a set-point for BP might be encoded by the CNS and the nature of the error signals have yet to be established. The only well identified neural sensors that encode BP are the baroreceptors, but their contribution to the long-term regulation of BP has been repeatedly q ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... mice, and to reduce inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesic responses in the carrageenan model of pain in rats [6,7]. Two recent experiments performed in mutant mice that lack VR1 demonstrated that VR1 was essential for hyperalgesia induced by either acid or heat [8,9]. Previous reports have conce ...
... mice, and to reduce inflammation-induced thermal hyperalgesic responses in the carrageenan model of pain in rats [6,7]. Two recent experiments performed in mutant mice that lack VR1 demonstrated that VR1 was essential for hyperalgesia induced by either acid or heat [8,9]. Previous reports have conce ...
File
... The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. For instance, when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of ...
... The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. For instance, when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... Salt depletion procedure. Sodium appetite average activity across trials in 50 ms bins. Note that the homeostatic day 1 unit fired robustly to the cue for sucrose but not to the was induced by a combined regimen of the di- cue for salt. By contrast, the unit recorded on sodium-depleted day 2 rose in ...
... Salt depletion procedure. Sodium appetite average activity across trials in 50 ms bins. Note that the homeostatic day 1 unit fired robustly to the cue for sucrose but not to the was induced by a combined regimen of the di- cue for salt. By contrast, the unit recorded on sodium-depleted day 2 rose in ...
A divergent canonical WNT-signaling pathway
... -catenin binding site that has been shown to block transcriptional activation by several TCF factors (Roose et al., 1999). Expression of NTCF-4 does not protect microtubules against nocodazole (Fig. 2, G–I). More importantly, cells expressing both NTCF-4 and DVL-1 contain a large number of stable ...
... -catenin binding site that has been shown to block transcriptional activation by several TCF factors (Roose et al., 1999). Expression of NTCF-4 does not protect microtubules against nocodazole (Fig. 2, G–I). More importantly, cells expressing both NTCF-4 and DVL-1 contain a large number of stable ...
Nerve Growth Factor: Cellular localization and regulation of synthesis
... I Max-Planck.Instilute Cor Psychialry, Oeparlmeol of Neu rochemi$uy, 0-8033 Marti nsricd, FRQ. 2To whom oorrespondence should be addressed. ...
... I Max-Planck.Instilute Cor Psychialry, Oeparlmeol of Neu rochemi$uy, 0-8033 Marti nsricd, FRQ. 2To whom oorrespondence should be addressed. ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... simulated images). Thus, DDIs, BDIs were ubiquitous and occurred more often than expected from random dendrodendritic contacts. Moreover, with a total of 1000 μm dendrite on average per cell, this means that virtually all neurons form at least one BDI. Do dendrites adhere to each other at BDIs? We p ...
... simulated images). Thus, DDIs, BDIs were ubiquitous and occurred more often than expected from random dendrodendritic contacts. Moreover, with a total of 1000 μm dendrite on average per cell, this means that virtually all neurons form at least one BDI. Do dendrites adhere to each other at BDIs? We p ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
Brainstem (II)
... Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate ...
... Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate ...
PhD Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... several regulatory genes coding for transcription factors. The early patterning of anterior and posterior neural tissues is mediated trough signals released by the primitive node or organizer, known as Hensen’s node in chick, and Spemnann organizer in frog. In general, the so called neural-plate org ...
... several regulatory genes coding for transcription factors. The early patterning of anterior and posterior neural tissues is mediated trough signals released by the primitive node or organizer, known as Hensen’s node in chick, and Spemnann organizer in frog. In general, the so called neural-plate org ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... axon wiring. However, it is not known whether it regulates the development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precurso ...
... axon wiring. However, it is not known whether it regulates the development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precurso ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... and other functional neuronal processing in the monkey prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 761–774, 1997. Single-neuron activity was recorded in the prefrontal cortex of three monkeys during the performance of a spatial delayed alternation (DA) task and during the presentation of a variety of vi ...
... and other functional neuronal processing in the monkey prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 761–774, 1997. Single-neuron activity was recorded in the prefrontal cortex of three monkeys during the performance of a spatial delayed alternation (DA) task and during the presentation of a variety of vi ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... between regions also modulate taste responses (see also [39]). Indeed, recent evidence showed that feedback connections between GC and NST modulate NST activity via both excitatory pathways and GABAergic synapses [40•]. Figure 4c shows an example of a GC–NST interaction. It is clear that cortical ac ...
... between regions also modulate taste responses (see also [39]). Indeed, recent evidence showed that feedback connections between GC and NST modulate NST activity via both excitatory pathways and GABAergic synapses [40•]. Figure 4c shows an example of a GC–NST interaction. It is clear that cortical ac ...