Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... axon wiring. However, it is not known whether it regulates the development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precurso ...
... axon wiring. However, it is not known whether it regulates the development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precurso ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... to illustrate the competing hypotheses on the position of Phylogram of the Bilateria based exclusively on molecular studies to illustrate the competing hypotheses on the position of Chaetognatha ("Chaetognatha 1–7") as suggested by molecular studies. The sources of the hypotheses 1 to 7 are indicate ...
... to illustrate the competing hypotheses on the position of Phylogram of the Bilateria based exclusively on molecular studies to illustrate the competing hypotheses on the position of Chaetognatha ("Chaetognatha 1–7") as suggested by molecular studies. The sources of the hypotheses 1 to 7 are indicate ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... from rodent to primate (Kemp and Powell, 1971; Luk and Sadikot, 2001; Wilson, 2004 but see also Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985) are medium-sized spiny projection neurons that are also the only source of output from the nucleus. The remaining cell types comprise large aspiny cholinergic interneurons, a ...
... from rodent to primate (Kemp and Powell, 1971; Luk and Sadikot, 2001; Wilson, 2004 but see also Graveland and DiFiglia, 1985) are medium-sized spiny projection neurons that are also the only source of output from the nucleus. The remaining cell types comprise large aspiny cholinergic interneurons, a ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... The present study used 3 saccade tasks (Fig. 1). In both the antisaccade task and the prosaccade task, a gray fixation point (10.7 cd/m2) initially appeared at the center of the screen. After 800 ms, color of the fixation point was changed either to green or red in order to instruct monkeys of the tri ...
... The present study used 3 saccade tasks (Fig. 1). In both the antisaccade task and the prosaccade task, a gray fixation point (10.7 cd/m2) initially appeared at the center of the screen. After 800 ms, color of the fixation point was changed either to green or red in order to instruct monkeys of the tri ...
Introduction
... important role in neuronal injury and disease. Aberrant apoptosis can result in too little cell loss as seen in cancer progression, as well as too much cell loss such as following stroke, spinal cord injury and in many neurodegenerative diseases.1 A crucial event of apoptosis is the activation of ca ...
... important role in neuronal injury and disease. Aberrant apoptosis can result in too little cell loss as seen in cancer progression, as well as too much cell loss such as following stroke, spinal cord injury and in many neurodegenerative diseases.1 A crucial event of apoptosis is the activation of ca ...
Brainstem (II)
... Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate ...
... Corticospinal axons continue into the pyramids of the medulla. At the spinomedullary junction, most corticospinal fiber decussate ...
A precocious adult visual center in the larva defines the unique optic
... medulla and lobula are columnar neuropils sequentially linked by optic chiasmata, whereas the planar lobula plate receives uncrossed axons from the medulla and lobula and is characterized by wide-field tangential neurons [1]. Studies on dipterous insects have shown that these neurons, often having v ...
... medulla and lobula are columnar neuropils sequentially linked by optic chiasmata, whereas the planar lobula plate receives uncrossed axons from the medulla and lobula and is characterized by wide-field tangential neurons [1]. Studies on dipterous insects have shown that these neurons, often having v ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... L2/3 cells in vM1 receive strong input from vS1. To investigate which behaviours are represented by L2/3 cells during active somatosensation, we quantified how well specific behavioural variables could be decoded from neural activity37. We used random forests38, a generalized form of regression (Met ...
... L2/3 cells in vM1 receive strong input from vS1. To investigate which behaviours are represented by L2/3 cells during active somatosensation, we quantified how well specific behavioural variables could be decoded from neural activity37. We used random forests38, a generalized form of regression (Met ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... Abstract. Several types of respiratory reflex actions can be discerned according to the reactions of typical respiratory neurons in the efferent part of the central rhythmogenic structure. Whereas respiration runs closely parallel with inspiratory neuron activity the behaviour of expiratory neurons ...
... Abstract. Several types of respiratory reflex actions can be discerned according to the reactions of typical respiratory neurons in the efferent part of the central rhythmogenic structure. Whereas respiration runs closely parallel with inspiratory neuron activity the behaviour of expiratory neurons ...
Soghomonian J.J., Sethares C., and Peters, A
... Much of the cognitive decline shown by aging primates can be attributed to dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and, as shown previously, about 30% of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters e ...
... Much of the cognitive decline shown by aging primates can be attributed to dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and, as shown previously, about 30% of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters e ...
Segundo trabajo
... which activates several well-defined signaling cascades (Airaksinen and Saarma, 2002; Huang and Reichardt, 2003; Segal, 2003). The receptor tyrosine kinase Ret (Jing et al., 1996; Treanor et al., 1996; Trupp et al., 1996) is an important component in the signaling cascade activated by members of the ...
... which activates several well-defined signaling cascades (Airaksinen and Saarma, 2002; Huang and Reichardt, 2003; Segal, 2003). The receptor tyrosine kinase Ret (Jing et al., 1996; Treanor et al., 1996; Trupp et al., 1996) is an important component in the signaling cascade activated by members of the ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In the same experiment we found that prefrontal area 12 received projections from the basolateral (BL) and lateral (L) nuclei of the amygdala (Fig. 1F, red dots). We then used a different approach to obtain an overview of the origin ...
... (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In the same experiment we found that prefrontal area 12 received projections from the basolateral (BL) and lateral (L) nuclei of the amygdala (Fig. 1F, red dots). We then used a different approach to obtain an overview of the origin ...
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs
... Properties of Peripheral Olfactory Receptor Neurons 74 ...
... Properties of Peripheral Olfactory Receptor Neurons 74 ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellularis was visible at the caudal portion of the hole. Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate t ...
... vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellularis was visible at the caudal portion of the hole. Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate t ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However ...
... interneurons are very common in the neocortex, and lateral inhibition has been shown to play an important role in sharpening the distinctions between similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... signals enter the CNS via circumventricular organs3,14. These pathways do not work as ‘soloists’, but the stress projection is in accord with neuronal activation. The humoral signals can affect the CNS in multiple pathways: (i) when the molecule is lipophilic, it can pass freely through the blood–br ...
... signals enter the CNS via circumventricular organs3,14. These pathways do not work as ‘soloists’, but the stress projection is in accord with neuronal activation. The humoral signals can affect the CNS in multiple pathways: (i) when the molecule is lipophilic, it can pass freely through the blood–br ...
Topical Review
... specific molecular elements of a growth program to elaborate a growth cone, extend an axon and form new synapses. Nervous system injury also induces glial and meningeal growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequivocal demonstration of poststroke axonal sprouting has required ...
... specific molecular elements of a growth program to elaborate a growth cone, extend an axon and form new synapses. Nervous system injury also induces glial and meningeal growth-inhibitory proteins that block axonal sprouting.23 The unequivocal demonstration of poststroke axonal sprouting has required ...
Weber et al. - 2000
... M-pathway is thought to be concerned primarily with stimulus movement and form, whereas the P-pathway plays a role in the analysis of detail and color vision.2–5 ...
... M-pathway is thought to be concerned primarily with stimulus movement and form, whereas the P-pathway plays a role in the analysis of detail and color vision.2–5 ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...
... mustached bats (Pteronotus parnellii). Their somatic and dendritic configurations were compared with those of cells in other, nonecholocating mammals. A second goal was to use the thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitect ...