Evidence that GABA augmentation of norepinephrine release is mediated by interneurons
... fractional release, S2:S1 ratios and S3:S1 ratios have been previously described w4x. For KCl stimulation, slices were perfused as described above for a 40-min washout period at a flow rate of 1 mlr3 min. Following the washout period, up to 20 consecutive 3.0 min fractions were collected for each sl ...
... fractional release, S2:S1 ratios and S3:S1 ratios have been previously described w4x. For KCl stimulation, slices were perfused as described above for a 40-min washout period at a flow rate of 1 mlr3 min. Following the washout period, up to 20 consecutive 3.0 min fractions were collected for each sl ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... visuomovement or foveal. Their responses included postsaccadic, anticipatory, and reward-related activity, as well as activity modulated during certain directions of smooth-pursuit eye movements. One neuron was unresponsive during all of the behavioral tasks used. There were no corticotectal neurons ...
... visuomovement or foveal. Their responses included postsaccadic, anticipatory, and reward-related activity, as well as activity modulated during certain directions of smooth-pursuit eye movements. One neuron was unresponsive during all of the behavioral tasks used. There were no corticotectal neurons ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... reveals that the continuous distribution of intrinsic parameters observed in medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons can be neatly subdivided into two populations of neurons, one of which is GABAergic and the other of which is exclusively glycinergic or glutamatergic. In slice recordings, GABAergic ...
... reveals that the continuous distribution of intrinsic parameters observed in medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons can be neatly subdivided into two populations of neurons, one of which is GABAergic and the other of which is exclusively glycinergic or glutamatergic. In slice recordings, GABAergic ...
Olfaction
... Genetic basis of olfactory receptors: § Buck and Axel (1991): Genome contains about 1000 different olfactory receptor genes; each codes for a single type of OR § All mammals have pretty much the same set of 1000 genes. However, some genes are non-functional pseudogenes q Dogs and mice: About 2 ...
... Genetic basis of olfactory receptors: § Buck and Axel (1991): Genome contains about 1000 different olfactory receptor genes; each codes for a single type of OR § All mammals have pretty much the same set of 1000 genes. However, some genes are non-functional pseudogenes q Dogs and mice: About 2 ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... the odor source (Chee-Ruiter and Laurent, 1995). We will discuss some of the cues that insects may use in locating an odor source in §1.10.3. The grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is attracted to the odors of its host plants, wheat, ryegrass, sorghum and alfalfa (Hopkins and Young, 1990; see Hart ...
... the odor source (Chee-Ruiter and Laurent, 1995). We will discuss some of the cues that insects may use in locating an odor source in §1.10.3. The grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, is attracted to the odors of its host plants, wheat, ryegrass, sorghum and alfalfa (Hopkins and Young, 1990; see Hart ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... reich et al. 1999; Laaris and Keller 2002; Petersen and Sakmann 2001). L4 cells also target pyramidal cells in L2/3 (Armstrong-James et al. 1992; Feldmeyer et al. 2002) whose axons arborize in L2/3 and in L5 (Gottlieb and Keller 1997). Signal processing in L2/3 is no longer confined to a barrel colu ...
... reich et al. 1999; Laaris and Keller 2002; Petersen and Sakmann 2001). L4 cells also target pyramidal cells in L2/3 (Armstrong-James et al. 1992; Feldmeyer et al. 2002) whose axons arborize in L2/3 and in L5 (Gottlieb and Keller 1997). Signal processing in L2/3 is no longer confined to a barrel colu ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
... neurons will be strengthened when both neurons fire in correlation and weakened when they fire out of correlation. This rule is extremely powerful in explaining the phenomena of information storage and learning in neural system. However, because Hebbian plasticity relies on positive feedback mechan ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... differences are also observed in the structure of the local interneuron network of the AL. In the locust, for example, it comprises only about 300 inhibitory LNs that do not produce sodium action potentials (Laurent and Davidowitz 1994). In comparison, the honeybee AL network is composed of ∼4,000–5 ...
... differences are also observed in the structure of the local interneuron network of the AL. In the locust, for example, it comprises only about 300 inhibitory LNs that do not produce sodium action potentials (Laurent and Davidowitz 1994). In comparison, the honeybee AL network is composed of ∼4,000–5 ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a
... serotonin has received much attention. Serotonin is synthesized in serotonergic terminals from tryptophan, which competes with tyrosine and the branched chain amino acids for transport across the blood-brain barrier[1,24]. Autoreceptors play important roles in the regulation of 5-HT chemistry. For e ...
... serotonin has received much attention. Serotonin is synthesized in serotonergic terminals from tryptophan, which competes with tyrosine and the branched chain amino acids for transport across the blood-brain barrier[1,24]. Autoreceptors play important roles in the regulation of 5-HT chemistry. For e ...
PDF
... growth and branching of their axons in the tissues they innervate is regulated by the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by these tissues. NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions. Here, we ...
... growth and branching of their axons in the tissues they innervate is regulated by the supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by these tissues. NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions. Here, we ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
... McPeek, Robert M., and Edward L. Keller. Saccade target selection in the superior colliculus during a visual search task. J Neurophysiol 88: 2019 –2034, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00181.2002. Because realworld scenes typically contain many different potential objects of interest, selecting one goal from many ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possible that one site of nicotine action is on the hypocretin cell. Nicotine has been suggested to modulate hypocretin neurons or neurons innervated by hypocretin axons (Hollander et al. 2008; Plaza-Zabala et al. 2010), but little electrophysiolog ...
... 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possible that one site of nicotine action is on the hypocretin cell. Nicotine has been suggested to modulate hypocretin neurons or neurons innervated by hypocretin axons (Hollander et al. 2008; Plaza-Zabala et al. 2010), but little electrophysiolog ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... identify and/or lesion A2 neurons; however, these criteria do not allow A2 and C2 neurons to be distinguished within visceral NST regions where they overlap. The extent to which the connections and functions of these rostral A2/caudal C2 neurons are similar or unique remains largely unexplored. Tran ...
... identify and/or lesion A2 neurons; however, these criteria do not allow A2 and C2 neurons to be distinguished within visceral NST regions where they overlap. The extent to which the connections and functions of these rostral A2/caudal C2 neurons are similar or unique remains largely unexplored. Tran ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... this study was to unequivocally document the concurrent neurotoxic and neuroregenerative potential of activated macrophages. To do so, we quantified the length and magnitude of axon growth from enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons transplanted into the spi ...
... this study was to unequivocally document the concurrent neurotoxic and neuroregenerative potential of activated macrophages. To do so, we quantified the length and magnitude of axon growth from enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons transplanted into the spi ...
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... Correct: Occasionally neurotransmitters are not used or received by neighbouring dendrites. In some instances, these neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process called reuptake. This is one process by which neurons continue to have a supply of neurotransmitters available to th ...
... Correct: Occasionally neurotransmitters are not used or received by neighbouring dendrites. In some instances, these neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process called reuptake. This is one process by which neurons continue to have a supply of neurotransmitters available to th ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
... Currents were elicited from a holding potential of ±80 mV with voltage steps to ±20 mV (duration 5 ms, interpulse interval 4 s). The recordings are corrected for leakage currents. Action potentials were elicited from a membrane potential of ±84 to ±91 mV by current injections of 0.5 nA (duration 2 m ...
Sample
... A) synaptic vesicles B) axons C) dendrites D) synaptic knobs Correct: Correct. Synaptic knobs are located at the tip of each axon terminal. Incorrect: Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 53 Objective: 2.3 28) The saclike structures foun ...
... A) synaptic vesicles B) axons C) dendrites D) synaptic knobs Correct: Correct. Synaptic knobs are located at the tip of each axon terminal. Incorrect: Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. Answer: D Type: MC Page Ref: 53 Objective: 2.3 28) The saclike structures foun ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... fraction showed inhibition. This activation was maintained throughout the period of the laser stimulation. The excitation of responding non-DA neurons followed similar patterns of activation during the stimulation period however a larger proportion of non-DA neurons were inhibited (Fig. 1i). The sti ...
... fraction showed inhibition. This activation was maintained throughout the period of the laser stimulation. The excitation of responding non-DA neurons followed similar patterns of activation during the stimulation period however a larger proportion of non-DA neurons were inhibited (Fig. 1i). The sti ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki et al. 2010), respectively, in PBS-XCD. After a rinse with PBS-X, the sec ...
... pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki et al. 2010), respectively, in PBS-XCD. After a rinse with PBS-X, the sec ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... Neurons responding to dynamic vertical stimulation composed Ç15–20% of the neurons tested. Some of these nonresponsive neurons localized in the caudal FN were clearly modulated with saccades (Büttner et al. 1991; Fuchs et al. 1993) and will not be considered here. Neurons with both vestibular and s ...
... Neurons responding to dynamic vertical stimulation composed Ç15–20% of the neurons tested. Some of these nonresponsive neurons localized in the caudal FN were clearly modulated with saccades (Büttner et al. 1991; Fuchs et al. 1993) and will not be considered here. Neurons with both vestibular and s ...
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... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...
... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...
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... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...
... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...
mastering-the-world-of-psychology-4th-edition-wood
... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...
... 29) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the communication between neurons? A) Neural communication occurs every time an individual moves or has a thought. B) The synapse is the site where the pre-synaptic neuron communicates with the post-synaptic neuron. Incorrect. The neuron before the synap ...