Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... of the model are driven largely by INa. The fast upstroke of the action potential in the model is driven by INa (Fig. 1C) (Do and Bean 2003). After activation of INa, IK activates immediately to repolarize the potential. Although Ca2⫹ and Ca2⫹-dependent K⫹ currents contribute little during interspik ...
... of the model are driven largely by INa. The fast upstroke of the action potential in the model is driven by INa (Fig. 1C) (Do and Bean 2003). After activation of INa, IK activates immediately to repolarize the potential. Although Ca2⫹ and Ca2⫹-dependent K⫹ currents contribute little during interspik ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... transmitted at the synaptic endings at the opposite end. The key event is the process of synaptic transmission, during which presynaptic events release neurotransmitters from one neuron to induce localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory ev ...
... transmitted at the synaptic endings at the opposite end. The key event is the process of synaptic transmission, during which presynaptic events release neurotransmitters from one neuron to induce localized excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic events in the target neuron. The localized excitatory ev ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... all layers of striate cortex. The density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons is greatest in laminae 2-3A, 4A, and 4C,. The distribution of GABAergic neurons within lamina 3 does not appear to be correlated with the patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase in this region; i.e., there is no signi ...
... all layers of striate cortex. The density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons is greatest in laminae 2-3A, 4A, and 4C,. The distribution of GABAergic neurons within lamina 3 does not appear to be correlated with the patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase in this region; i.e., there is no signi ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... marijuana. This discovery, together with the isolation of the second endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, established the foundation of a new signalling system in the brain [2,3]. This system is of importance to the understanding of neuronal communication ...
... marijuana. This discovery, together with the isolation of the second endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, established the foundation of a new signalling system in the brain [2,3]. This system is of importance to the understanding of neuronal communication ...
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... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their connections. Neuroscience—in all its disguises—approaches the device with the belief that knowle ...
... orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their connections. Neuroscience—in all its disguises—approaches the device with the belief that knowle ...
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... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... induced in the mandibular division of Edn1−/− mutants upon innervation of the duplicated whisker pad. In wild-type E11.5 and E13.5 TG, Hmx1 and OC1 (Onecut1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) are selectively expressed in the mandibular division, whereas Tbx3 is highly expressed in ophthalmic and maxillary ...
... induced in the mandibular division of Edn1−/− mutants upon innervation of the duplicated whisker pad. In wild-type E11.5 and E13.5 TG, Hmx1 and OC1 (Onecut1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) are selectively expressed in the mandibular division, whereas Tbx3 is highly expressed in ophthalmic and maxillary ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... induced in the mandibular division of Edn1−/− mutants upon innervation of the duplicated whisker pad. In wild-type E11.5 and E13.5 TG, Hmx1 and OC1 (Onecut1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) are selectively expressed in the mandibular division, whereas Tbx3 is highly expressed in ophthalmic and maxillary ...
... induced in the mandibular division of Edn1−/− mutants upon innervation of the duplicated whisker pad. In wild-type E11.5 and E13.5 TG, Hmx1 and OC1 (Onecut1 – Mouse Genome Informatics) are selectively expressed in the mandibular division, whereas Tbx3 is highly expressed in ophthalmic and maxillary ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neurons monitored at the same coordinates are represented by adjacent vertically ‘stacked’ spheres. The stereotaxic coordinates of the raphé recording sites (n ¼ 125) were within 0.2 mm of the midline and extended from the obex to 11.6 mm rostral, and from ...
... of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neurons monitored at the same coordinates are represented by adjacent vertically ‘stacked’ spheres. The stereotaxic coordinates of the raphé recording sites (n ¼ 125) were within 0.2 mm of the midline and extended from the obex to 11.6 mm rostral, and from ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+ - ...
... Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+ - ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... acid-enriched neural cell adhesion molecule occurs on the surfaces of MNCs and astrocytes, and they can absorb large amounts of water to modulate cell adhesion [40]; expression of integrins-associated ECM organization has also been identified in the SON [41]. Thus, hypoosmotic challenges can directl ...
... acid-enriched neural cell adhesion molecule occurs on the surfaces of MNCs and astrocytes, and they can absorb large amounts of water to modulate cell adhesion [40]; expression of integrins-associated ECM organization has also been identified in the SON [41]. Thus, hypoosmotic challenges can directl ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a bilateral, heterogenous brainstem nucleus, located mainly in the ventral part of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain. A majority of the nucleus' neurons utilize its major neurotransmitter, serotonin, but several other transmitters are also present. It c ...
... The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a bilateral, heterogenous brainstem nucleus, located mainly in the ventral part of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain. A majority of the nucleus' neurons utilize its major neurotransmitter, serotonin, but several other transmitters are also present. It c ...
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... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
... MOD: Module 2-1 Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 2.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: www Which of the following is NOT true of action potentials? A) They are generated according to an all-or-none principle. B) They all travel at the same speed. C) They are electrical charges that shoot down the axon. D) T ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et al 1986, Malinow & Miller 1986, Sastry et al 1986, Wigström et ...
... was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et al 1986, Malinow & Miller 1986, Sastry et al 1986, Wigström et ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... Background: Functional lateralization is a conserved feature of the central nervous system (CNS). However, underlying left-right asymmetries within neural circuitry and the mechanisms by which they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morp ...
... Background: Functional lateralization is a conserved feature of the central nervous system (CNS). However, underlying left-right asymmetries within neural circuitry and the mechanisms by which they develop are poorly described. Results: In this study, we use focal electroporation to examine the morp ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... target remained on for 400 ms and then was relocated to a position opposite the initial location. In the prosaccade task, the target remained stationary. In both tasks, the peripheral target disappeared after a second fixation interval of 900--1200 ms, and then, a liquid reward was given. Introductio ...
... target remained on for 400 ms and then was relocated to a position opposite the initial location. In the prosaccade task, the target remained stationary. In both tasks, the peripheral target disappeared after a second fixation interval of 900--1200 ms, and then, a liquid reward was given. Introductio ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... extracellular multiunit recording (bottom trace) obtained in the close vicinity of the neuron. Note how the intracellular barrages of synaptic activity and action potentials coincide with the extracellularly recorded bouts of activity. (B) Subthreshold (Vm 5 70) recording of the same neuron. (C) Exp ...
... extracellular multiunit recording (bottom trace) obtained in the close vicinity of the neuron. Note how the intracellular barrages of synaptic activity and action potentials coincide with the extracellularly recorded bouts of activity. (B) Subthreshold (Vm 5 70) recording of the same neuron. (C) Exp ...
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... used system to study neuronal polarity, in vivo systems are essential for the elucidation and functional validation of neuronal-polarity regulators (Rolls and Doe, 2004). The fully elucidated neural-circuit diagrams (White et al., 1986) and the development of fluorescent markers for nerve processes ...
... used system to study neuronal polarity, in vivo systems are essential for the elucidation and functional validation of neuronal-polarity regulators (Rolls and Doe, 2004). The fully elucidated neural-circuit diagrams (White et al., 1986) and the development of fluorescent markers for nerve processes ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... movements, as well as the respiratory regulation, are modified to deal with the main priority, which is no longer delivering O2 but maintaining the central temperature within a normal range. The other cases in which respiratory muscles are involved in nonrespiratory functions include vomiting, micti ...
... movements, as well as the respiratory regulation, are modified to deal with the main priority, which is no longer delivering O2 but maintaining the central temperature within a normal range. The other cases in which respiratory muscles are involved in nonrespiratory functions include vomiting, micti ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... duced beneath. With this procedure no nerves or trachnerves entering or leaving the terminal ganglion, such as eoles entering the ganglion were cut. For intracellular the cereal nerve or the central connectives. Within a few recordings from the MGI soma located on the lateral days post-axotomy, many ...
... duced beneath. With this procedure no nerves or trachnerves entering or leaving the terminal ganglion, such as eoles entering the ganglion were cut. For intracellular the cereal nerve or the central connectives. Within a few recordings from the MGI soma located on the lateral days post-axotomy, many ...