The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused protein to interconnected neurons and transport toward the cell bodies of higher-order neurons (Maskos et al., 2002). Sakurai et al. (2005) generated transgenic mouse lines expressing a fused prot ...
... non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused protein to interconnected neurons and transport toward the cell bodies of higher-order neurons (Maskos et al., 2002). Sakurai et al. (2005) generated transgenic mouse lines expressing a fused prot ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... degeneration and apoptosis are largely mechanistically distinct (1, 3); however, axon and dendrite breakdown in the contexts of developmental pruning or trophic withdrawal does involve caspases and other apoptotic machinery (5, 6, 21). Components of the axon degeneration cascade include calpain prot ...
... degeneration and apoptosis are largely mechanistically distinct (1, 3); however, axon and dendrite breakdown in the contexts of developmental pruning or trophic withdrawal does involve caspases and other apoptotic machinery (5, 6, 21). Components of the axon degeneration cascade include calpain prot ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... (Fig. 9a, right inset) where it embraces the postsynaptic dendrite. The S, spines also synapse on the primary ending at dendroaxonic synapses (Figs. 9d and 10). These dendroaxonic synapses always appear relatively short in single micrographs, i.e., about 0.1 to 0.2 pm, in contrast to the somewhat lo ...
... (Fig. 9a, right inset) where it embraces the postsynaptic dendrite. The S, spines also synapse on the primary ending at dendroaxonic synapses (Figs. 9d and 10). These dendroaxonic synapses always appear relatively short in single micrographs, i.e., about 0.1 to 0.2 pm, in contrast to the somewhat lo ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the extreme diversity and open-mindedness of the Group for Neural Theory at Ecole Normale Supérieure really de ned the type of research that I aim to develop. I also have a thought for the people who helped me during my other internships, and more particularly for Ed Smith and Scott Livingston who m ...
... the extreme diversity and open-mindedness of the Group for Neural Theory at Ecole Normale Supérieure really de ned the type of research that I aim to develop. I also have a thought for the people who helped me during my other internships, and more particularly for Ed Smith and Scott Livingston who m ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the first day of pupal life, γ neuron dendrites undergo extensive degeneration with loss of dendrites branching into the larval vertical and medial lobes. Dendrites then regrow as adult ...
... γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the first day of pupal life, γ neuron dendrites undergo extensive degeneration with loss of dendrites branching into the larval vertical and medial lobes. Dendrites then regrow as adult ...
PDF
... repulsion through Unc5 receptors in multiple systems (Yamagishi et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to spec ...
... repulsion through Unc5 receptors in multiple systems (Yamagishi et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to spec ...
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive
... junctions almost exclusively on appropriate muscle fibers, rather than by overproduction and selective elimination of inappropriate branches. Retraction of the few branches that are inappropriately placed, though correlated in time with the ingrowth of branches from appropriate motoneurons, occurs i ...
... junctions almost exclusively on appropriate muscle fibers, rather than by overproduction and selective elimination of inappropriate branches. Retraction of the few branches that are inappropriately placed, though correlated in time with the ingrowth of branches from appropriate motoneurons, occurs i ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... cholinergic nuclei and excitatory interactions between mesopontine cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons (Fig. 128.3 and 128.4C, for more detail and references). The exponential magnification of cholinergic output predicted by the original model (A) can also occur in this model with mutually excita ...
... cholinergic nuclei and excitatory interactions between mesopontine cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons (Fig. 128.3 and 128.4C, for more detail and references). The exponential magnification of cholinergic output predicted by the original model (A) can also occur in this model with mutually excita ...
concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... (3) diffusional spread leading to escape from the synaptic cleft. These processes occur almost simultaneously, each, however, with its own respective rate. Hydrolysis of ACh by the activity of AChE is the primary mechanism for the termination of transmitter action in the synaptic cleft (Magleby and ...
... (3) diffusional spread leading to escape from the synaptic cleft. These processes occur almost simultaneously, each, however, with its own respective rate. Hydrolysis of ACh by the activity of AChE is the primary mechanism for the termination of transmitter action in the synaptic cleft (Magleby and ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
... employing it successfully (see below, section C). Then an immunocytochemical method was developed for detection of ACh (Geffard et al., 1985); of course, this technique would be most useful in definitive identification of cholinergic neurons and pathways, but there was no follow-up with regard to its ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... In rats, the central regulation of the reproductive axis is carried out by about 10001600 GnRH neurons (7, 8). These neurons ontogenetically originate outside the brain in the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, r ...
... In rats, the central regulation of the reproductive axis is carried out by about 10001600 GnRH neurons (7, 8). These neurons ontogenetically originate outside the brain in the olfactory placodes (9) and migrate to their final location during the embryonic life. In addition to these data from mice, r ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The fundamental function of the central auditory system is to transform signals from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals tra ...
... The fundamental function of the central auditory system is to transform signals from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals tra ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... were determined by listening to an audio monitor of neuronal discharges in a single amplifier channel while using a hand-held airjet to stimulate the hairy skin. The receptive field boundaries were then traced onto outline drawings of the cat forearm. Computer-controlled airjets were presented acros ...
... were determined by listening to an audio monitor of neuronal discharges in a single amplifier channel while using a hand-held airjet to stimulate the hairy skin. The receptive field boundaries were then traced onto outline drawings of the cat forearm. Computer-controlled airjets were presented acros ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... similar treatment of POA/BFB neurons leads to insomnia (Lin et al., 1989; McGinty and Sterman, 1968; Sakai et al., 1990; Sallanon et al., 1989). The existence of sleep-promoting mechanisms in the POA and wakingpromoting mechanisms in the PH has been demonstrated by a variety of experimental studies, ...
... similar treatment of POA/BFB neurons leads to insomnia (Lin et al., 1989; McGinty and Sterman, 1968; Sakai et al., 1990; Sallanon et al., 1989). The existence of sleep-promoting mechanisms in the POA and wakingpromoting mechanisms in the PH has been demonstrated by a variety of experimental studies, ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... spinal cord and synapse onto central neurons in the dorsal horn, a major center of nociceptive processing and plasticity. The neurons involved in nociception are largely concentrated in the superficial laminae. Strong, sustained nociceptive signaling can modify the structure and function of the dors ...
... spinal cord and synapse onto central neurons in the dorsal horn, a major center of nociceptive processing and plasticity. The neurons involved in nociception are largely concentrated in the superficial laminae. Strong, sustained nociceptive signaling can modify the structure and function of the dors ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... organisms acquire behaviors that place them in contact with stimuli that function as primary rewards (unconditioned stimuli, USs; e.g., food, water), which consequently elicit approach behaviors and reinforce these behaviors. Neutral stimuli associated with primary rewards acquire the ability to act ...
... organisms acquire behaviors that place them in contact with stimuli that function as primary rewards (unconditioned stimuli, USs; e.g., food, water), which consequently elicit approach behaviors and reinforce these behaviors. Neutral stimuli associated with primary rewards acquire the ability to act ...
Brain glycine receptors as a common target for alcohol and
... Alcohol abuse and dependence make up the most prevalent categories of substance use disorders in the world. Converging evidence from the current research group has identified two receptor populations, the glycine (GlyRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mesolimbic dopamine syste ...
... Alcohol abuse and dependence make up the most prevalent categories of substance use disorders in the world. Converging evidence from the current research group has identified two receptor populations, the glycine (GlyRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mesolimbic dopamine syste ...
Fig. 1
... adult mammalian nervous system and at all stages of postnatal development, the Hsp90 constitutively expressed is preferentially localized on neurons [12,13,17–19]. Most studies regarding the role of Hsp90 in nervous system have focused on its involvement on neurodegenerative diseases [20], however i ...
... adult mammalian nervous system and at all stages of postnatal development, the Hsp90 constitutively expressed is preferentially localized on neurons [12,13,17–19]. Most studies regarding the role of Hsp90 in nervous system have focused on its involvement on neurodegenerative diseases [20], however i ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
... recorded in at least 7 trials for each probability condition, and in this study it was subjected to further ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... precise role that each plays in removing excess Ca2+ loads under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions remains rather unclear. A major difference is the fact that they exhibit distinct subcellular localization patterns. In particular, some if not all of PMCA found in neurons seem ...
... precise role that each plays in removing excess Ca2+ loads under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions remains rather unclear. A major difference is the fact that they exhibit distinct subcellular localization patterns. In particular, some if not all of PMCA found in neurons seem ...
Neural Networks
... networks (e.g. the classic neural network structure: the perceptron and its learning procedures), the smaller chapters give a short overview – but this is also explained in the introduction of each chapter. In addition to all the definitions and explanations I have included some excursuses to provid ...
... networks (e.g. the classic neural network structure: the perceptron and its learning procedures), the smaller chapters give a short overview – but this is also explained in the introduction of each chapter. In addition to all the definitions and explanations I have included some excursuses to provid ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...