Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... mice. The first was to restore endogenous dopamine signaling through systemic administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), which is presumably taken up by dopamine neurons, converted to dopamine, packaged into vesicles, and released in a behaviorally relevant manner throughout the dopami ...
... mice. The first was to restore endogenous dopamine signaling through systemic administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), which is presumably taken up by dopamine neurons, converted to dopamine, packaged into vesicles, and released in a behaviorally relevant manner throughout the dopami ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
... stimulus delivery design remained the same from day to day, the electrodes were sometimes moved in 0.075 mm increments between recording days to sample more of the LH neuropil, and to obtain fresh units for each recording session. Across all recording days, the electrodes were moved up to a total of ...
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Trk Receptor Activation in Epilepsy
... phosphorylation seems a logical measure of the biologic level of neurotrophin activity. Indeed, receptor tyrosine phosphorylation has been used as an index of neurotrophin receptor activation by several investigators [48, 50-52, 78]. For example, dexamethasone or NGF given ICV to rats led to a marke ...
... phosphorylation seems a logical measure of the biologic level of neurotrophin activity. Indeed, receptor tyrosine phosphorylation has been used as an index of neurotrophin receptor activation by several investigators [48, 50-52, 78]. For example, dexamethasone or NGF given ICV to rats led to a marke ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... ADP and limit its duration, thereby precluding its escalation to a burst. Consequently, down-modulation of KCNQ/M channels converts the neuronal firing pattern from simple to complex spiking, whereas up-modulation of these channels exerts the opposite effect. Key words: hippocampus; KCNQ; M current; ...
... ADP and limit its duration, thereby precluding its escalation to a burst. Consequently, down-modulation of KCNQ/M channels converts the neuronal firing pattern from simple to complex spiking, whereas up-modulation of these channels exerts the opposite effect. Key words: hippocampus; KCNQ; M current; ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... mechanisms for cold defense, recruited in order of increasing energy costs, include thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis i ...
... mechanisms for cold defense, recruited in order of increasing energy costs, include thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis i ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
... influenced by auditory stimuli or auditory FAES activation, somatosensory stimuli were presented within a neuron’s receptive field alone and then in combination with a natural auditory cue or with electrical stimulation through one of the FAES electrodes. Somatosensory stimuli were produced by a nar ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
... The mean discharge rate in each task period was compared with that in the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. More recently, researchers have reconsidered the idea of a monolithic reticular formation and instead attribute its functions to the activity of specific systems that promote arousal using acetylcholine, glutamate, or monoamine neurotransmitters (e ...
... to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. More recently, researchers have reconsidered the idea of a monolithic reticular formation and instead attribute its functions to the activity of specific systems that promote arousal using acetylcholine, glutamate, or monoamine neurotransmitters (e ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... kisspeptins (Kp13, Kp14) have also been isolated corresponding to the carboxy terminus of Kp54. These shorter kisspeptins may represent degradation products, but they still retain full biological activity, as does a synthetic peptide of only 10 amino acids (Kp10). Kp14 is highly conserved between sp ...
... kisspeptins (Kp13, Kp14) have also been isolated corresponding to the carboxy terminus of Kp54. These shorter kisspeptins may represent degradation products, but they still retain full biological activity, as does a synthetic peptide of only 10 amino acids (Kp10). Kp14 is highly conserved between sp ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... neurons are born and migrate to their final positions in the nervous system. Subsequently, neurons elaborate their axons and dendrites in patterns characteristic for each cell type. Finally, highly specific connections between neurons — synapses — are formed. In many cases, these early synaptic conn ...
... neurons are born and migrate to their final positions in the nervous system. Subsequently, neurons elaborate their axons and dendrites in patterns characteristic for each cell type. Finally, highly specific connections between neurons — synapses — are formed. In many cases, these early synaptic conn ...
Xavier Nadal i Roura PARTICIPATION OF THE ENDOGENOUS OPIOID AND CANNABINOID SYSTEMS
... sensitize them by means of reducing their threshold activation. In this type of pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia are present as a consequence of peripheral or central sensitization. Hyperalgesia means that painful stimuli of low intensity are perceived as they were of high intensity. In the case of ...
... sensitize them by means of reducing their threshold activation. In this type of pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia are present as a consequence of peripheral or central sensitization. Hyperalgesia means that painful stimuli of low intensity are perceived as they were of high intensity. In the case of ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... L = 2l, l = 5.66, T = 0, rS = rA = 0.21, rJ = 0.71, S0 = 0, S1 = 0.42, J0 = 0, J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-la ...
... L = 2l, l = 5.66, T = 0, rS = rA = 0.21, rJ = 0.71, S0 = 0, S1 = 0.42, J0 = 0, J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-la ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... Transcription regulators of dendrite patterns Many transcription factors contribute to the specification of neuronal type-specific dendrite patterns. A distinct dendrite morphology can be achieved by varying the levels of a single transcription factor, the specific expression of a transcription fact ...
... Transcription regulators of dendrite patterns Many transcription factors contribute to the specification of neuronal type-specific dendrite patterns. A distinct dendrite morphology can be achieved by varying the levels of a single transcription factor, the specific expression of a transcription fact ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is known to affect discharge patterns. In addition, there is disagreement ...
... that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is known to affect discharge patterns. In addition, there is disagreement ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Exteroceptive Afferents by Proprioceptive
... is mimicked by y-aminobutyric acid and reduced by bath application of picrotoxin or bicuculline, suggesting that it is a depolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential. The PAD reduces the amplitude of exteroceptive afferent spikes, an action that is thus likely to reduce transmitter release and the ...
... is mimicked by y-aminobutyric acid and reduced by bath application of picrotoxin or bicuculline, suggesting that it is a depolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential. The PAD reduces the amplitude of exteroceptive afferent spikes, an action that is thus likely to reduce transmitter release and the ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent regions (Fig. 3A-C), but fail to reach the dorsalanterior surface of the calyx such that the fourfold dendritic domain i ...
... in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent regions (Fig. 3A-C), but fail to reach the dorsalanterior surface of the calyx such that the fourfold dendritic domain i ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... Figure 1: Intracellular signaling pathways linking BDNF, ERK, and CREB. For a detailed description of the signaling pathways linking these molecules, see text. BDNF from paracrine sources including afferent axon terminals and dendrites in target tissue, as well as autocrine pools, binds to TrkB rece ...
... Figure 1: Intracellular signaling pathways linking BDNF, ERK, and CREB. For a detailed description of the signaling pathways linking these molecules, see text. BDNF from paracrine sources including afferent axon terminals and dendrites in target tissue, as well as autocrine pools, binds to TrkB rece ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...