Sample
... Correct: Occasionally neurotransmitters are not used or received by neighbouring dendrites. In some instances, these neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process called reuptake. This is one process by which neurons continue to have a supply of neurotransmitters available to th ...
... Correct: Occasionally neurotransmitters are not used or received by neighbouring dendrites. In some instances, these neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon terminal in a process called reuptake. This is one process by which neurons continue to have a supply of neurotransmitters available to th ...
Andrea Kádár
... Understanding the mechanism of the melanocortin-resistance of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons during refeeding AGRP- and α-MSH-IR innervation of TRH neurons A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons wa ...
... Understanding the mechanism of the melanocortin-resistance of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons during refeeding AGRP- and α-MSH-IR innervation of TRH neurons A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons wa ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... receiving electrical signals which have to travel fast and consistent from one end of the neuron to the other end in order to achieve a rapid communication (see Box 1). This electric signal is a change in voltage of the membrane, called a membrane potential. Neurons can respond to this change in mem ...
... receiving electrical signals which have to travel fast and consistent from one end of the neuron to the other end in order to achieve a rapid communication (see Box 1). This electric signal is a change in voltage of the membrane, called a membrane potential. Neurons can respond to this change in mem ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... would be manifest. In a third possible scenario, signals for surge initiation would be conveyed to only a subset of the pulse generator neuronal population, and not only to pacemaker cells. In such a case, a stimulatory signal would be superimposed upon only some portion of the pulsing neuronal popu ...
... would be manifest. In a third possible scenario, signals for surge initiation would be conveyed to only a subset of the pulse generator neuronal population, and not only to pacemaker cells. In such a case, a stimulatory signal would be superimposed upon only some portion of the pulsing neuronal popu ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... spectively. It has been reported that VTA DA neurons receive glutamatergic inputs directly or indirectly from the PFC (Kalivas, 1993; Charara et al., 1996; Carr and Sesack, 2000; Omelchenko and Sesack, 2007) and other brain regions (Geisler and Wise, 2008). In addition, the VTA receives cholinergic ...
... spectively. It has been reported that VTA DA neurons receive glutamatergic inputs directly or indirectly from the PFC (Kalivas, 1993; Charara et al., 1996; Carr and Sesack, 2000; Omelchenko and Sesack, 2007) and other brain regions (Geisler and Wise, 2008). In addition, the VTA receives cholinergic ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... now be hand-held devices. Although advances have been made in sensing capabilities, these remain relatively primitive when compared with those of the natural nose. Attempting to enhance these capabilities by more closely approximating natural olfaction, however, would result in significant growth in ...
... now be hand-held devices. Although advances have been made in sensing capabilities, these remain relatively primitive when compared with those of the natural nose. Attempting to enhance these capabilities by more closely approximating natural olfaction, however, would result in significant growth in ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... required from the environment for dendrites to develop normally? Studies of cerebellar Purkinje cells and their spectacular dendritic trees (Fig. 1a) have provided evidence supporting the importance of both cell-intrinsic programs and environmental influences. Early studies using X-irradiation or ge ...
... required from the environment for dendrites to develop normally? Studies of cerebellar Purkinje cells and their spectacular dendritic trees (Fig. 1a) have provided evidence supporting the importance of both cell-intrinsic programs and environmental influences. Early studies using X-irradiation or ge ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... To stain axons of individual OSNs and trace them to the olfactory bulb’s glomeruli we used the Xenopus tadpole nose-brain preparation (Fig. 1). We checked OSNs for stimulus responses and injected biocytin through a patch pipette. In each mucosa only one OSN was injected (Fig. 2). Twelve out of 96 OS ...
... To stain axons of individual OSNs and trace them to the olfactory bulb’s glomeruli we used the Xenopus tadpole nose-brain preparation (Fig. 1). We checked OSNs for stimulus responses and injected biocytin through a patch pipette. In each mucosa only one OSN was injected (Fig. 2). Twelve out of 96 OS ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... different image capturing sessions, the settings of all components were kept unchanged and the intensity of the microscope lamp was always set at saturation. As a further control, the microscope illumination was adjusted (if necessary) using neutral density filters so that similar gray level distribu ...
... different image capturing sessions, the settings of all components were kept unchanged and the intensity of the microscope lamp was always set at saturation. As a further control, the microscope illumination was adjusted (if necessary) using neutral density filters so that similar gray level distribu ...
- White Rose Research Online
... GABAergic microcircuit formed by the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) of the adult rat striatum. We grew dendrite and axon models for these neurons and extracted probabilities for the presence of these neurites as a function of distance from the soma. From these, we f ...
... GABAergic microcircuit formed by the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) of the adult rat striatum. We grew dendrite and axon models for these neurons and extracted probabilities for the presence of these neurites as a function of distance from the soma. From these, we f ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... or, at least, very similar. For example, at the cat area 17/i 8 border, layer Ill contains neurons which project ipsilaterally to area PMLS, as well as neurons projecting contralaterally to the area 17/l 8 border region or to area PMLS. In light of the existing data for interconnections between the ...
... or, at least, very similar. For example, at the cat area 17/i 8 border, layer Ill contains neurons which project ipsilaterally to area PMLS, as well as neurons projecting contralaterally to the area 17/l 8 border region or to area PMLS. In light of the existing data for interconnections between the ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
... "'G?#(*8J iltrastructure of C. elegans cilia. 2a. Cilia in the amphid sensillum exhibit a variety of morphologies. The rod-like channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cili ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... domain proteins42‑44 to identify candidate Drosophila ORs. There are a total of 62 ORs, encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing.45 The fly OR genes encode a highly divergent family of membrane‑associated proteins that are selectively expressed in Drosophila OSNs.42‑44 These prot ...
... domain proteins42‑44 to identify candidate Drosophila ORs. There are a total of 62 ORs, encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing.45 The fly OR genes encode a highly divergent family of membrane‑associated proteins that are selectively expressed in Drosophila OSNs.42‑44 These prot ...
Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward
... a lever press will be followed by 1 ml of juice, the delivery of 1 ml of juice should produce no reward prediction error. Importantly, however, systems of this type do not necessarily account for all of the behavior produced by all animals under all circumstances. If an animal faces an environment i ...
... a lever press will be followed by 1 ml of juice, the delivery of 1 ml of juice should produce no reward prediction error. Importantly, however, systems of this type do not necessarily account for all of the behavior produced by all animals under all circumstances. If an animal faces an environment i ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... behavior and make decisions necessary for survival. Drosophila melanogaster oviposition is one such important behavior, in which females evaluate their environment and choose to lay eggs on substrates they may find aversive in other contexts. We employed neurogenetic techniques to characterize neuro ...
... behavior and make decisions necessary for survival. Drosophila melanogaster oviposition is one such important behavior, in which females evaluate their environment and choose to lay eggs on substrates they may find aversive in other contexts. We employed neurogenetic techniques to characterize neuro ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... BM stimulation had closely matched reversal potentials. In the cell of Fig. 4, A and B, for example, PRH-evoked IPSPs (Fig. 4A1) reversed at 083.1 mV, whereas BM-evoked IPSPs (Fig. 4A2) reversed at 081.9 mV, nearly the same potential (Fig. 4A3). In this cell, BM stimulation evoked IPSPs of lower amp ...
... BM stimulation had closely matched reversal potentials. In the cell of Fig. 4, A and B, for example, PRH-evoked IPSPs (Fig. 4A1) reversed at 083.1 mV, whereas BM-evoked IPSPs (Fig. 4A2) reversed at 081.9 mV, nearly the same potential (Fig. 4A3). In this cell, BM stimulation evoked IPSPs of lower amp ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... accumbens (Acb), which is the major component of the ventral striatum, can be divided into a peripheral ‘shell’ and a central ‘core’ subregion. Within these subregions different smaller compartments exist (Zaborszky et al. 1985; Voorn et al. 1989; Zahm and Brog 1992; JongenRêlo et al. 1993, 1994). ...
... accumbens (Acb), which is the major component of the ventral striatum, can be divided into a peripheral ‘shell’ and a central ‘core’ subregion. Within these subregions different smaller compartments exist (Zaborszky et al. 1985; Voorn et al. 1989; Zahm and Brog 1992; JongenRêlo et al. 1993, 1994). ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic patients4-6). Orexin/ataxin-3 mice are a well-studied model for narcolepsy; however, or ...
... to narcolepsy. Additionally, it has been reported that the number of orexin neurons is greatly reduced and that orexin peptide levels are decreased to undetectable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of narcoleptic patients4-6). Orexin/ataxin-3 mice are a well-studied model for narcolepsy; however, or ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... threshold can be derived by taking the product of the number of signi¢cant regression steps and the mean ISI for each cell. The mean amount of prior time when prior action potentials can in£uence an action potential is 1.1 þ 0.2 s ( þ S.E.M.). Similar results were obtained in one CA3 pyramidal cell ...
... threshold can be derived by taking the product of the number of signi¢cant regression steps and the mean ISI for each cell. The mean amount of prior time when prior action potentials can in£uence an action potential is 1.1 þ 0.2 s ( þ S.E.M.). Similar results were obtained in one CA3 pyramidal cell ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... heart of the clustering procedure, which incloud. We chose so that the fractal dimension of L was close to 1 volves three major steps as described below. (between 0.95 and 1.05). An example set L is shown for one neuron in Preprocessing: elimination of “linear” structures. Not all the boutons of F ...
... heart of the clustering procedure, which incloud. We chose so that the fractal dimension of L was close to 1 volves three major steps as described below. (between 0.95 and 1.05). An example set L is shown for one neuron in Preprocessing: elimination of “linear” structures. Not all the boutons of F ...
SOM
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... following Pabpn1-KD. Camk2a mRNA codes for the Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Alpha (CamkIIα), a highly abundant protein in neurons and key mediator of synaptic plasticity (Miller et al., 2002; Wayman et al., 2008). Using mutant mice in which the Camk2a dendritic localization element ...
... following Pabpn1-KD. Camk2a mRNA codes for the Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Alpha (CamkIIα), a highly abundant protein in neurons and key mediator of synaptic plasticity (Miller et al., 2002; Wayman et al., 2008). Using mutant mice in which the Camk2a dendritic localization element ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The ...
... neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data are supplementary motor area (SMA). In both for the same neuron shown in Fig. 2A). The ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...