Neural dynamics of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement
... and time-delay adaptation within a Robinson-type model were also simulated in Arakawa (2003). However, none of these models addressed SAC–SPEM interactions. 2. Model overview The new SAC–SPEM model circuit (Fig. 1) consists of two parallel, yet interacting, processing streams. It unifies and further ...
... and time-delay adaptation within a Robinson-type model were also simulated in Arakawa (2003). However, none of these models addressed SAC–SPEM interactions. 2. Model overview The new SAC–SPEM model circuit (Fig. 1) consists of two parallel, yet interacting, processing streams. It unifies and further ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
main chicken page in pdf format (can be
... embryonic tissues derive. The lower layer, hypoblast, is formed by multiple fusion of separate cell masses, and constitutes the extraembryonic endoderm. These two layers are separated by a narrow fissure, which is equivalent to the blastocoel. The hypoblast forms a triangle posteriorly, the embryoni ...
... embryonic tissues derive. The lower layer, hypoblast, is formed by multiple fusion of separate cell masses, and constitutes the extraembryonic endoderm. These two layers are separated by a narrow fissure, which is equivalent to the blastocoel. The hypoblast forms a triangle posteriorly, the embryoni ...
Central Nervous System
... Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Somatic sensory fibers carry information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints Visceral sensory fibers carry information from visceral ...
... Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Somatic sensory fibers carry information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints Visceral sensory fibers carry information from visceral ...
Early Ontogeny of the Secondary Proliferative Population of the
... while the others are nuclei of nonproliferative cells of the cerebral wall. The LI profile has a distinct peak in the outer half of the VZ (S-phasezone of the VZ, Takahashiet al., 1992) becausePVE cells undergointerkinetic nuclear migration and S phaseof PVE cells occurs in the outer half of the VZ ...
... while the others are nuclei of nonproliferative cells of the cerebral wall. The LI profile has a distinct peak in the outer half of the VZ (S-phasezone of the VZ, Takahashiet al., 1992) becausePVE cells undergointerkinetic nuclear migration and S phaseof PVE cells occurs in the outer half of the VZ ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... 2007; Urgesi et al. 2007; Candidi et al. 2008). On the other hand, other studies have reported representation of low-level features of observed actions within the frontoparietal system. Among others is, for example, the presence of spatially segregated representations of different effectors (Buccino ...
... 2007; Urgesi et al. 2007; Candidi et al. 2008). On the other hand, other studies have reported representation of low-level features of observed actions within the frontoparietal system. Among others is, for example, the presence of spatially segregated representations of different effectors (Buccino ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
... thalamic projection neurons including motor and sensory thalamic nuclei (Kuramoto et al. 2009; Ohno et al. 2012). In the VA-VL, IZ neurons were classified as matrix-type neurons from the observation that more than half of their projecting axon fibers were distributed in L1 of the cerebral cortex (Kura ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... difference in density may be correlated with the fact that NPY fibers mainly originate from the IGL in rodents [8,25,26,48,51], while the geniculate complex is greatly reduced in size in Spalax [16] and the putative IGL region contains relatively few NPY cells (personal unpublished observations). Th ...
... difference in density may be correlated with the fact that NPY fibers mainly originate from the IGL in rodents [8,25,26,48,51], while the geniculate complex is greatly reduced in size in Spalax [16] and the putative IGL region contains relatively few NPY cells (personal unpublished observations). Th ...
Ventilatory disorders - Chirurgia toracica mini invasiva
... expiratory neurons that project to intercostal and abdominal motor neurons. Suprapontine structures, including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play a major role in normal respiratory control during speech, locomotion, and response to stresso ...
... expiratory neurons that project to intercostal and abdominal motor neurons. Suprapontine structures, including the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain play a major role in normal respiratory control during speech, locomotion, and response to stresso ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical neurons representing actions (these connections may develop during the months of training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the ...
... Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical neurons representing actions (these connections may develop during the months of training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
... consensus exists as to which is best from a computational perspective (Kaelbling et al., 1996). The brain may implement both approaches and trade off control between them (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. Value Functions The credit-assignment problem is a key proble ...
Transcripts/01_08 10
... a. Fasciculus or funiculus tend to be pathways going from one part of the CNS to another, where as the nerves tend to be the input and output from the nervous system (we talk about motor nerves, sensory nerves, motor tract, sensory tract). When you are just talking about the smaller pathways, inside ...
... a. Fasciculus or funiculus tend to be pathways going from one part of the CNS to another, where as the nerves tend to be the input and output from the nervous system (we talk about motor nerves, sensory nerves, motor tract, sensory tract). When you are just talking about the smaller pathways, inside ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... The kernel used in these simulations was defined as the difference between an excitatory function (E) and an inhibitory function (I). For the function E, we considered a Gaussian function either on SC (an SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (an SC-asymmetric kernel). For the function I, a Ga ...
... The kernel used in these simulations was defined as the difference between an excitatory function (E) and an inhibitory function (I). For the function E, we considered a Gaussian function either on SC (an SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (an SC-asymmetric kernel). For the function I, a Ga ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... electrophysiological recording (FIG. 4c,d), functional imaging (FIG. 4a,b) or the expression of activity-dependent immediate-early genes such as Fos91 have shown that many subsets of neurons in the CNS are osmoresponsive92. Although osmoresponsive neurons might display changes in firing frequency d ...
... electrophysiological recording (FIG. 4c,d), functional imaging (FIG. 4a,b) or the expression of activity-dependent immediate-early genes such as Fos91 have shown that many subsets of neurons in the CNS are osmoresponsive92. Although osmoresponsive neurons might display changes in firing frequency d ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
Functional Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Aspects of Basal Ganglia
... The most important elements are striatum and cerebral cortex. Especially in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and medium spiny neurons of the striatum there is capacity for plastic changes relating to the control of broadly defined mental functions (motor, emotional, cognitive). The cerebra ...
... The most important elements are striatum and cerebral cortex. Especially in the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and medium spiny neurons of the striatum there is capacity for plastic changes relating to the control of broadly defined mental functions (motor, emotional, cognitive). The cerebra ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
... an ‘unrolled’ olfactory bulb might organize olfactory information (i.e. inputs to single glomeruli) into a two-dimensional map that represents features of olfactory space. The unusual anatomy of the olfactory bulb therefore potentially reconciles the idea that olfactory space is discrete (via molecu ...
A Neural Network Based Navigation for Intelligent Autonomous
... Active sensors emit energy into the environment, and then measure the environmental reaction. Because active sensors can manage more controlled interactions with the environment, they often achieve superior performance. However, active sensing introduces several risks: the outbound energy may affect ...
... Active sensors emit energy into the environment, and then measure the environmental reaction. Because active sensors can manage more controlled interactions with the environment, they often achieve superior performance. However, active sensing introduces several risks: the outbound energy may affect ...
Article
... the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since interneurons and their neurites are densely packed in the central nervous system (CNS), it has b ...
... the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since interneurons and their neurites are densely packed in the central nervous system (CNS), it has b ...
Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... specificity? What exactly is “cell type” of neurons? Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH ...
... specificity? What exactly is “cell type” of neurons? Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH ...
Synaptic Integration of Olfactory Information in Mouse Anterior
... cortex by merging information from distinct populations of mitral cells, a view supported by several lines of evidence. Axon terminal fields arising from mitral cells in different glomeruli partially overlap in their central targets (Zou et al., 2001). Immediate-early gene (IEG) studies show that od ...
... cortex by merging information from distinct populations of mitral cells, a view supported by several lines of evidence. Axon terminal fields arising from mitral cells in different glomeruli partially overlap in their central targets (Zou et al., 2001). Immediate-early gene (IEG) studies show that od ...