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The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving
... drive the outcome of encounter competition will help in better understanding the evolution of behavior as well as the forces structuring ecological communities. Encounter competition occurs rarely and unpredictably, and is thus difficult to observe in natural environments; this is especially true fo ...
... drive the outcome of encounter competition will help in better understanding the evolution of behavior as well as the forces structuring ecological communities. Encounter competition occurs rarely and unpredictably, and is thus difficult to observe in natural environments; this is especially true fo ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Ecological Effects in
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat
... system in which to examine these relationships. Mediterranean climates, which occur in California, Chile, South Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean basin, are characterized by cool wet winters and hot dry summers, during which low water availability severely limits carbon gain. The woody vegetat ...
... system in which to examine these relationships. Mediterranean climates, which occur in California, Chile, South Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean basin, are characterized by cool wet winters and hot dry summers, during which low water availability severely limits carbon gain. The woody vegetat ...
pdf. - Robert Colwell
... measure. Powell et al. (2011) later discovered a few individuals of one of them, Acizzia keithi, in the same region on a common, widespread, congeneric host plant, thereby reducing concern for this species. The second species, Acizzia veski, is still believed to be host specific, and its conservation ...
... measure. Powell et al. (2011) later discovered a few individuals of one of them, Acizzia keithi, in the same region on a common, widespread, congeneric host plant, thereby reducing concern for this species. The second species, Acizzia veski, is still believed to be host specific, and its conservation ...
The Population Biology of Invasive Species Ann K. Sakai
... The impact of invasive species on native species, communities, and ecosystems has been widely recognized for decades (Elton 1958; Lodge 1993a, 1993b, Simberloff 1996), and invasive species are now viewed as a significant component of global change (Vitousek et al 1996). The severe economic impact of ...
... The impact of invasive species on native species, communities, and ecosystems has been widely recognized for decades (Elton 1958; Lodge 1993a, 1993b, Simberloff 1996), and invasive species are now viewed as a significant component of global change (Vitousek et al 1996). The severe economic impact of ...
Using the ESS Maximum Principle to Explore Root
... Competition between plants that differ in root-shoot allocation has been modelled using consumer-resource equations where competition occurs only through the utilization of resources. Provided that such models can be put into an evolutionary game setting, we show that conditions for coexistence can ...
... Competition between plants that differ in root-shoot allocation has been modelled using consumer-resource equations where competition occurs only through the utilization of resources. Provided that such models can be put into an evolutionary game setting, we show that conditions for coexistence can ...
Competition among native and invasive Impatiens species: the roles
... immediately after introduction into a new range the species need to cope with the local environment, especially climatic conditions (Wiens and Graham 2005), later on different mechanisms involving interactions, or their absence, with resident biota come into play. It has been suggested that some inv ...
... immediately after introduction into a new range the species need to cope with the local environment, especially climatic conditions (Wiens and Graham 2005), later on different mechanisms involving interactions, or their absence, with resident biota come into play. It has been suggested that some inv ...
Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait
... criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are believed to be important components of it. Given this, it is critical that we empirically document the strengths between fitness and these other variables in order to judge the “f ...
... criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are believed to be important components of it. Given this, it is critical that we empirically document the strengths between fitness and these other variables in order to judge the “f ...
PDF - David J. Harris
... are suffering dramatically from these environmental changes, others, such as urbanized and pest species, are doing better than ever. Our goal is to provide insights into explaining such variation. We first summarize the responses of some species to novel situations, including novel risks and resourc ...
... are suffering dramatically from these environmental changes, others, such as urbanized and pest species, are doing better than ever. Our goal is to provide insights into explaining such variation. We first summarize the responses of some species to novel situations, including novel risks and resourc ...
Reinforcing loose foundation stones in trait‑based plant ecology
... criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are believed to be important components of it. Given this, it is critical that we empirically document the strengths between fitness and these other variables in order to judge the “f ...
... criterion for choosing traits. As a practical matter, we must rely either on proxies of fitness or on variables that are believed to be important components of it. Given this, it is critical that we empirically document the strengths between fitness and these other variables in order to judge the “f ...
The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and
... where mi is the number of larval meals taken from species i; and Ii ⫽ mi Ci; where Ii is the number of nymphs infected from their larval meal on species i; and the total number of nymphs infected from their larval meal (IT) is IT ⫽ ⌺ mi Ci. The number of nymphs not infected in their larval meal (Ui) ...
... where mi is the number of larval meals taken from species i; and Ii ⫽ mi Ci; where Ii is the number of nymphs infected from their larval meal on species i; and the total number of nymphs infected from their larval meal (IT) is IT ⫽ ⌺ mi Ci. The number of nymphs not infected in their larval meal (Ui) ...
Dominant Species and Diversity: Linking Relative Abundance to
... for removals of the same biomass but differ in whether the underlying interaction is competitive or facilitative (fig. 2A, 2B). The resource complementarity model posits that, on average, the relative abundance of each species reflects the availability of its resource niche (Tilman et al. 1997; McKa ...
... for removals of the same biomass but differ in whether the underlying interaction is competitive or facilitative (fig. 2A, 2B). The resource complementarity model posits that, on average, the relative abundance of each species reflects the availability of its resource niche (Tilman et al. 1997; McKa ...
Full-Text PDF
... While evolutionary concepts have been fundamental to the science of conservation and biological invasions for decades, they have yet to be incorporated appropriately into management programs and policy [92±94]. Five major selection pressures on biodiversity (climate change, landscape disturbances, i ...
... While evolutionary concepts have been fundamental to the science of conservation and biological invasions for decades, they have yet to be incorporated appropriately into management programs and policy [92±94]. Five major selection pressures on biodiversity (climate change, landscape disturbances, i ...
Does interspecific territoriality reflect the
... interactions among species. Others (Orians and Willson, 1964; Cody, 1969, 1973, 1974; Low, 1971; Catchpole, 1977, 1978; Ebersole, 1977; Lyon et al., 1977; Davies, 1978) have claimed that individuals defend their territories against both conspecific and heterospecific individuals, since they can gain ...
... interactions among species. Others (Orians and Willson, 1964; Cody, 1969, 1973, 1974; Low, 1971; Catchpole, 1977, 1978; Ebersole, 1977; Lyon et al., 1977; Davies, 1978) have claimed that individuals defend their territories against both conspecific and heterospecific individuals, since they can gain ...
Multitrophic level interactions: an introduction - Assets
... canopies in relation to random walking. Simple random walks in homogeneous environments, and the approximating diffusion equations, appear to be poor guides for understanding search strategies of predators and successful prey location in plant canopies. They are best replaced by a concept of random ...
... canopies in relation to random walking. Simple random walks in homogeneous environments, and the approximating diffusion equations, appear to be poor guides for understanding search strategies of predators and successful prey location in plant canopies. They are best replaced by a concept of random ...
Invariant size–frequency distributions along a latitudinal gradient in
... provincial scale from the strong latitudinal trend in species richness is surprising for several reasons: (i) extrinsic factors such as mean annual temperature, oxygen availability, seasonality, and productivity, each of which has been argued to affect body size (refs. 14–17 and 30, but see refs. 31 ...
... provincial scale from the strong latitudinal trend in species richness is surprising for several reasons: (i) extrinsic factors such as mean annual temperature, oxygen availability, seasonality, and productivity, each of which has been argued to affect body size (refs. 14–17 and 30, but see refs. 31 ...
Introduction - Princeton University Press
... I doubt that there is a single best way to describe an ecological system. As scientists, we carry our experience, our skill sets, and our biases with us as we try to understand the ecological world. We also target our favorite research questions, which naturally influence the perspective that we tak ...
... I doubt that there is a single best way to describe an ecological system. As scientists, we carry our experience, our skill sets, and our biases with us as we try to understand the ecological world. We also target our favorite research questions, which naturally influence the perspective that we tak ...
2001japplecol
... Evidence for the filter hypothesis is relatively sparse, but correlations between seed size, predation rates and invasiveness (Crawley, Harvey & Purvis 1996) together suggest species with low rates of seed predation may make the most successful invaders. Evidence for the escape hypothesis is more ex ...
... Evidence for the filter hypothesis is relatively sparse, but correlations between seed size, predation rates and invasiveness (Crawley, Harvey & Purvis 1996) together suggest species with low rates of seed predation may make the most successful invaders. Evidence for the escape hypothesis is more ex ...
351 - Biologylocker
... Ecosystems have two main parts to them- abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem. There are 5 types of interactions among organisms: 1. predator-prey 2. parasite-host 3. mutualism 4. commensalism 5. co ...
... Ecosystems have two main parts to them- abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem. There are 5 types of interactions among organisms: 1. predator-prey 2. parasite-host 3. mutualism 4. commensalism 5. co ...
Using Biodiversity and Evenness Comparisons Among Plant
... influence plant community dynamics. Plant community ecology during the past few decades has focused on conducting baseline surveys using traditional measuring methods in our remaining natural areas and using this information to develop management strategies, to study the ecology of plant community d ...
... influence plant community dynamics. Plant community ecology during the past few decades has focused on conducting baseline surveys using traditional measuring methods in our remaining natural areas and using this information to develop management strategies, to study the ecology of plant community d ...
Conservatism of responses to environmental change is rare under
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
Extending the stressgradient hypothesis is competition among
... evaluate the applicability of the SGH to terrestrial vertebrates. We then discuss future directions for research that will help in defining a framework to include positive, negative and neutral interactions as potential drivers structuring animal communities under differing environmental conditions. ...
... evaluate the applicability of the SGH to terrestrial vertebrates. We then discuss future directions for research that will help in defining a framework to include positive, negative and neutral interactions as potential drivers structuring animal communities under differing environmental conditions. ...
Connections between ecology, biogeography, and paleobiology
... in the sample and relative latitudinal position within its contemporary geographic range. Species near the edges of their ranges showed uniformly low abundances, whereas those near the centres exhibited a wide range of abundances. Species near the edges of their ranges also appear to have exhibited ...
... in the sample and relative latitudinal position within its contemporary geographic range. Species near the edges of their ranges showed uniformly low abundances, whereas those near the centres exhibited a wide range of abundances. Species near the edges of their ranges also appear to have exhibited ...
Dispersal traits determine plant response to habitat
... Johst et al. 2002). Plants will be most vulnerable to fragmentation if their capacities for local persistence and dispersal among patches are low. Translated to a functional perspective, this means that traits enabling a species to survive within and to move between habitat patches confer the abilit ...
... Johst et al. 2002). Plants will be most vulnerable to fragmentation if their capacities for local persistence and dispersal among patches are low. Translated to a functional perspective, this means that traits enabling a species to survive within and to move between habitat patches confer the abilit ...
Light reduction predicts widespread patterns of dominance between
... thinning to the target densities. Consequently one might argue that, had the plants been grown throughout the season at the lower densities to which they were eventually thinned, they would have had a different phenotype (e.g., a different stem architecture and overall size) and therefore different ...
... thinning to the target densities. Consequently one might argue that, had the plants been grown throughout the season at the lower densities to which they were eventually thinned, they would have had a different phenotype (e.g., a different stem architecture and overall size) and therefore different ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.