![On size and area: Patterns of mammalian body size extremes](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/002471817_1-4d87d1be7ef765ac188ca05171402250-300x300.png)
On size and area: Patterns of mammalian body size extremes
... from a particular distribution or pool of body sizes. In particular, when S 1, the expected ®rstorder statistic equals the expected last-order statistic and both correspond to the ®rst moment of the distribution from where the samples were drawn (Balakrishnan and Cohen, 1991). In terms of the patt ...
... from a particular distribution or pool of body sizes. In particular, when S 1, the expected ®rstorder statistic equals the expected last-order statistic and both correspond to the ®rst moment of the distribution from where the samples were drawn (Balakrishnan and Cohen, 1991). In terms of the patt ...
Report Specialization, Constraints, and Conflicting Interests in
... p R 0.10). The increased residual specialization observed in pollinators, but not seed dispersers, thus corresponds to the plant’s differential interest in these types of mutualists. Species Level Although the average degree of specialization in a community may be constrained to a large degree, this ...
... p R 0.10). The increased residual specialization observed in pollinators, but not seed dispersers, thus corresponds to the plant’s differential interest in these types of mutualists. Species Level Although the average degree of specialization in a community may be constrained to a large degree, this ...
Biotic interactions and plant invasions
... plants, and effects of abiotic conditions on biotic interactions. We then synthesize ideas building on Darwin’s idea that the kinds of new interactions gained by an introduced population will depend on its relatedness to native populations. This yields a heuristic framework to explain how biotic int ...
... plants, and effects of abiotic conditions on biotic interactions. We then synthesize ideas building on Darwin’s idea that the kinds of new interactions gained by an introduced population will depend on its relatedness to native populations. This yields a heuristic framework to explain how biotic int ...
Coextinction and Persistence of Dependent Species in a Changing
... measure. Powell et al. (2011) later discovered a few individuals of one of them, Acizzia keithi, in the same region on a common, widespread, congeneric host plant, thereby reducing concern for this species. The second species, Acizzia veski, is still believed to be host specific, and its conservation ...
... measure. Powell et al. (2011) later discovered a few individuals of one of them, Acizzia keithi, in the same region on a common, widespread, congeneric host plant, thereby reducing concern for this species. The second species, Acizzia veski, is still believed to be host specific, and its conservation ...
paper - institute for theoretical physics cologne
... coexistence at the fixed point of population dynamics, and show how the combination of competition and environmental fluctuations limit the maximum amount of biodiversity that a trophic level can host. In the second paper we consider models of species assembly, kept away from the fixed point of popu ...
... coexistence at the fixed point of population dynamics, and show how the combination of competition and environmental fluctuations limit the maximum amount of biodiversity that a trophic level can host. In the second paper we consider models of species assembly, kept away from the fixed point of popu ...
overview - Santa Fe Institute
... robust? What’s the difference?”) share many features, especially persistence in the face of various perturbations. The two terms seem to be much the same if judged on the basis of the 17 definitions of robustness on the SFI Robustness website. If there’s a difference it might be that, in the use of ...
... robust? What’s the difference?”) share many features, especially persistence in the face of various perturbations. The two terms seem to be much the same if judged on the basis of the 17 definitions of robustness on the SFI Robustness website. If there’s a difference it might be that, in the use of ...
Modeling the potential area of occupancy at fine resolution may
... used for estimating species ranges such as EOO (Sérgio et al., 2007; Brito et al., 2009) and AOO (Good et al., 2006; Boitani et al., 2008) according to the total number of grid cells where a given species is known. However, these estimates are commonly built at coarse grain resolution (here referred ...
... used for estimating species ranges such as EOO (Sérgio et al., 2007; Brito et al., 2009) and AOO (Good et al., 2006; Boitani et al., 2008) according to the total number of grid cells where a given species is known. However, these estimates are commonly built at coarse grain resolution (here referred ...
Global ecological impacts of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems
... there was no general evidence for a decrease in species diversity in invaded habitats, suggesting a time lag between rapid abundance changes and local extinctions. Invaded habitats showed increased water turbidity, nitrogen and organic matter concentration, which are related to the capacity of invad ...
... there was no general evidence for a decrease in species diversity in invaded habitats, suggesting a time lag between rapid abundance changes and local extinctions. Invaded habitats showed increased water turbidity, nitrogen and organic matter concentration, which are related to the capacity of invad ...
Towards an Evolutionary Model of Animal-Associated
... We define the primary evolutionary pressures as those that occur intraspecifically, driving evolutionary trajectories of each microbial species. A microbial species is not clonal, but rather a species is represented by a broad spectrum of genetic variants that radiate from a central clonalgenotype. ...
... We define the primary evolutionary pressures as those that occur intraspecifically, driving evolutionary trajectories of each microbial species. A microbial species is not clonal, but rather a species is represented by a broad spectrum of genetic variants that radiate from a central clonalgenotype. ...
Chapter 3 - Santa Rosa Home
... Mutations = accidental changes in DNA that may be passed on to the next generation Non-lethal mutations provide the genetic variation on which natural selection acts ...
... Mutations = accidental changes in DNA that may be passed on to the next generation Non-lethal mutations provide the genetic variation on which natural selection acts ...
Introduction to Evolution
... explained not as the outcome of natural processes but only as products of an “intelligent designer.” Some authors clearly equated this entity with the omnipotent God of Christianity and other monotheistic religions. Others, because they wished to see the theory of intelligent design taught in school ...
... explained not as the outcome of natural processes but only as products of an “intelligent designer.” Some authors clearly equated this entity with the omnipotent God of Christianity and other monotheistic religions. Others, because they wished to see the theory of intelligent design taught in school ...
Activity 2: Interactions Name: PSI Biology Competition Competition
... Competition occurs when organisms try to obtain the same resources at the same place at the same time. Competition takes place when there is resource limitation in an ecosystem. That is, when there is not enough of a particular resource (food, shelter, water etc) to meet the needs of all organisms. ...
... Competition occurs when organisms try to obtain the same resources at the same place at the same time. Competition takes place when there is resource limitation in an ecosystem. That is, when there is not enough of a particular resource (food, shelter, water etc) to meet the needs of all organisms. ...
www.njctl.org Biology Ecology Activity 2: Interactions Name: PSI
... Competition occurs when organisms try to obtain the same resources at the same place at the same time. Competition takes place when there is resource limitation in an ecosystem. That is, when there is not enough of a particular resource (food, shelter, water etc) to meet the needs of all organisms. ...
... Competition occurs when organisms try to obtain the same resources at the same place at the same time. Competition takes place when there is resource limitation in an ecosystem. That is, when there is not enough of a particular resource (food, shelter, water etc) to meet the needs of all organisms. ...
Does diversity beget diversity? A case study of crops
... such uniqueness is a key premise of the microheterogeneity argument. The environmental microheterogeneity hypothesis is still a possible explanation for the observed patterns if one allows more subtle variations on the theme. For example, the crops themselves might not create unique environments for ...
... such uniqueness is a key premise of the microheterogeneity argument. The environmental microheterogeneity hypothesis is still a possible explanation for the observed patterns if one allows more subtle variations on the theme. For example, the crops themselves might not create unique environments for ...
Effects of River Impoundment on Ecosystem Services
... et al. (2004), and classifications were assigned an estimated trophic position of 4 for piscivores, 3 for invertivores and omnivores, and 2 for primary consumers (e.g., algivores, herbivores, detritivores). A composite trophic position for the fishery as a whole for each year was calculated as the r ...
... et al. (2004), and classifications were assigned an estimated trophic position of 4 for piscivores, 3 for invertivores and omnivores, and 2 for primary consumers (e.g., algivores, herbivores, detritivores). A composite trophic position for the fishery as a whole for each year was calculated as the r ...
What enables coexistence in plant communities? Weak versus
... for generations of ecologists. Different mechanisms have been proposed to facilitate coexistence in plant communities, where space is an important resource. Using a stochastic cellular automaton simulation model we analyze – separately and in combination – the influence of different species traits an ...
... for generations of ecologists. Different mechanisms have been proposed to facilitate coexistence in plant communities, where space is an important resource. Using a stochastic cellular automaton simulation model we analyze – separately and in combination – the influence of different species traits an ...
FOR 382
... 9. Is this course in any plan (major, minor, or certificate) or sub plan (emphasis)? Yes No If yes, describe the impact and include a letter of response from each impacted academic unit. Forest Health and Ecological Restoration Certificate ...
... 9. Is this course in any plan (major, minor, or certificate) or sub plan (emphasis)? Yes No If yes, describe the impact and include a letter of response from each impacted academic unit. Forest Health and Ecological Restoration Certificate ...
FACILITATIVE INTERACTIONS AMONG PLANTS VIA SHARED
... ameliorates the physical or resource environment of another species (e.g., Bertness and Callaway 1994, Callaway et al. 2002). Indirect positive interactions are well known from trophic cascades (Wootton 1994), but remain poorly understood for species within trophic levels. In plants, indirect positi ...
... ameliorates the physical or resource environment of another species (e.g., Bertness and Callaway 1994, Callaway et al. 2002). Indirect positive interactions are well known from trophic cascades (Wootton 1994), but remain poorly understood for species within trophic levels. In plants, indirect positi ...
A new formulation for determination of the competition coefficient in
... Interspecific Niche overlap (denoted by ij) – There will be competition between any two species, given that there is an overlap between their niche volume () in Kdimensional space (given there are K resources), where each of the dimensions represents a niche parameter, i.e. a resource in this case ...
... Interspecific Niche overlap (denoted by ij) – There will be competition between any two species, given that there is an overlap between their niche volume () in Kdimensional space (given there are K resources), where each of the dimensions represents a niche parameter, i.e. a resource in this case ...
biology 412: phytogeography
... PLANT GEOGRAPHY is a broad field that attempts to synthesize many disciplines all of which we will touch on in this course: • Natural History • Systematics - plant classification & nomenclature: the name game and how taxa are related to each other. Should be based on a Phylogenetic systematic (Cladi ...
... PLANT GEOGRAPHY is a broad field that attempts to synthesize many disciplines all of which we will touch on in this course: • Natural History • Systematics - plant classification & nomenclature: the name game and how taxa are related to each other. Should be based on a Phylogenetic systematic (Cladi ...
Ecology of a sympatric pair of coregonid fish: Species interactions
... new or underexploited resources (Schluter evo- ...
... new or underexploited resources (Schluter evo- ...
The importance of motivation, weapons, and foul odors in driving
... drive the outcome of encounter competition will help in better understanding the evolution of behavior as well as the forces structuring ecological communities. Encounter competition occurs rarely and unpredictably, and is thus difficult to observe in natural environments; this is especially true fo ...
... drive the outcome of encounter competition will help in better understanding the evolution of behavior as well as the forces structuring ecological communities. Encounter competition occurs rarely and unpredictably, and is thus difficult to observe in natural environments; this is especially true fo ...
Evolution in Response to Direct and Indirect Ecological Effects in
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
... effects (Abrams 1992; Menge 1995). Indeed, in some cases, multiple indirect effects can swamp the influence of direct ecological effects (e.g., Stone and Roberts 1991; Abrams 1992; Miller 1994). The effect of indirect interactions on ecological patterns has been well studied and can result in change ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.