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Carrying capacity
... capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations t ...
... capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations t ...
Lesson Plan
... A. Communities can be found in the water and on the land. Interaction does occur between these two types of communities. This interaction can be good, for example some aquatic animals such as alligators can live on both the land and in the water. Sometimes though, the interaction can be bad. For exa ...
... A. Communities can be found in the water and on the land. Interaction does occur between these two types of communities. This interaction can be good, for example some aquatic animals such as alligators can live on both the land and in the water. Sometimes though, the interaction can be bad. For exa ...
351 - Teaching Biology and Science Blog
... Ecosystems have two main parts to them- abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem. There are 5 types of interactions among organisms: 1. predator-prey 2. parasite-host 3. mutualism 4. commensalism 5. co ...
... Ecosystems have two main parts to them- abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the ecosystem. Biotic factors are the living parts of the ecosystem. There are 5 types of interactions among organisms: 1. predator-prey 2. parasite-host 3. mutualism 4. commensalism 5. co ...
Evo-devo and constraints on selection
... independently in related lineages, usually considered to be based on similar modifications of the same developmental pathways. Pleiotropy: phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one trait or character that contributes to a genetic correlation between them. Combinations of pleiotropic effects can a ...
... independently in related lineages, usually considered to be based on similar modifications of the same developmental pathways. Pleiotropy: phenotypic effect of a gene on more than one trait or character that contributes to a genetic correlation between them. Combinations of pleiotropic effects can a ...
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Declines in both redundant and trace species
... Holy Grail of Ecology’ (Adams, 2009). Thus, although there is little agreement as to why the gradient exists, most do acknowledge that species richness often declines with latitude (Adams, 2009). The structure of species assemblages quite likely often differs with species richness but exactly how is ...
... Holy Grail of Ecology’ (Adams, 2009). Thus, although there is little agreement as to why the gradient exists, most do acknowledge that species richness often declines with latitude (Adams, 2009). The structure of species assemblages quite likely often differs with species richness but exactly how is ...
Notes from Introduction - Forest Landscape Ecology Lab
... discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment." "Primary focus of LE includes: spatially heterogeneous areas, fluxes and changes of materials and energy among LS elements, human actions as ...
... discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment." "Primary focus of LE includes: spatially heterogeneous areas, fluxes and changes of materials and energy among LS elements, human actions as ...
Patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic structure of vascular
... Large-scale patterns of species richness and the underlying mechanisms regulating these patterns have long been the central issues in biogeography and macroecology. Phylogenetic community structure is a result of combined effects of contemporary ecological interactions, environmental filtering, and ...
... Large-scale patterns of species richness and the underlying mechanisms regulating these patterns have long been the central issues in biogeography and macroecology. Phylogenetic community structure is a result of combined effects of contemporary ecological interactions, environmental filtering, and ...
"Species Richness: Small Scale". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
... and species richness tends to be unimodal, with species richness peaking at intermediate levels of productivity (Grace and Jutila, 1999). Where productivity is very low few species can persist, and where productivity is very high a small number seem to win at competition, but at intermediate levels ...
... and species richness tends to be unimodal, with species richness peaking at intermediate levels of productivity (Grace and Jutila, 1999). Where productivity is very low few species can persist, and where productivity is very high a small number seem to win at competition, but at intermediate levels ...
Roles of parasites in animal invasions
... populations, but virulence becomes apparent when the host interacts with another species. Density dependence: mortality rates in a population might increase, and/or birth or growth rates decrease, as the density of the population increases. Enemy release hypothesis: invading organisms might lose par ...
... populations, but virulence becomes apparent when the host interacts with another species. Density dependence: mortality rates in a population might increase, and/or birth or growth rates decrease, as the density of the population increases. Enemy release hypothesis: invading organisms might lose par ...
Marine Seaweed Invasions – Fucus Sofia A. Wikström
... species and invader to denote species that has established in an area outside its native range, without implying any negative or positive consequences of the invasion on the native biota. A large number of species are transported between biogeographical regions and introduced to new areas, either in ...
... species and invader to denote species that has established in an area outside its native range, without implying any negative or positive consequences of the invasion on the native biota. A large number of species are transported between biogeographical regions and introduced to new areas, either in ...
Anthropogenic impacts on tropical forest biodiversity
... that the removal of species with few trophic links will always result in few or no secondary extinctions. The overall structure of networks may also affect their susceptibility to drivers of biodiversity loss. Theoretical studies have shown that a nested structure (where species with few links have ...
... that the removal of species with few trophic links will always result in few or no secondary extinctions. The overall structure of networks may also affect their susceptibility to drivers of biodiversity loss. Theoretical studies have shown that a nested structure (where species with few links have ...
Chapter 2. Interactions between Organisms and Environment
... that includes stimuli that illicit a response. The role of hormones in determining an animal's response is an important part of the total animal-environment relationship. The ecologist must recognize these internal relationships in order to explain a large number of responses that are observed in th ...
... that includes stimuli that illicit a response. The role of hormones in determining an animal's response is an important part of the total animal-environment relationship. The ecologist must recognize these internal relationships in order to explain a large number of responses that are observed in th ...
Food web assembly rules
... For consumer-resource relationships, the competitive exclusion principle states that when two consumers compete for the exact same resource within an environment, one consumer will eventually outcompete and displace the other [4, 5]. It is known that the number of coexisting species cannot exceed th ...
... For consumer-resource relationships, the competitive exclusion principle states that when two consumers compete for the exact same resource within an environment, one consumer will eventually outcompete and displace the other [4, 5]. It is known that the number of coexisting species cannot exceed th ...
Complex community and evolutionary responses to habitat
... dynamics. For instance, plants may exhibit high homozygosity in edge habitats due to increased selfing rates in response to both pollen and pollinator limitation [31,37]. Relative to outbred individuals, inbreeding may induce physiological changes that negatively affect survival and reproduction, an ...
... dynamics. For instance, plants may exhibit high homozygosity in edge habitats due to increased selfing rates in response to both pollen and pollinator limitation [31,37]. Relative to outbred individuals, inbreeding may induce physiological changes that negatively affect survival and reproduction, an ...
Biotic Interactions, Structure, and Long
... shorter time scales. Large-scale processes are slower and take longer time to develop. After Zajac et al. (1998; Fig. 1) with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media FIGURE 2 Spatial and temporal scales of the systems are correlated. To predict spatial pattern correctly the study ne ...
... shorter time scales. Large-scale processes are slower and take longer time to develop. After Zajac et al. (1998; Fig. 1) with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media FIGURE 2 Spatial and temporal scales of the systems are correlated. To predict spatial pattern correctly the study ne ...
View CV - University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
... Conference XXV, San Diego, CA, 16 January 2017. *What can Maryland’s big trees tell us about responses to environmental change? Maryland Association of Forest Conservancy District Boards Fall Meeting, Hanover, MD, 5 November 2016. Benefits of a draft genome sequence for landscape genomics studies. I ...
... Conference XXV, San Diego, CA, 16 January 2017. *What can Maryland’s big trees tell us about responses to environmental change? Maryland Association of Forest Conservancy District Boards Fall Meeting, Hanover, MD, 5 November 2016. Benefits of a draft genome sequence for landscape genomics studies. I ...
Traitbased tests of coexistence mechanisms
... functional traits, (2) develop hypotheses about which particular functional traits have the most potential to promote coexistence via the mechanism in question and (3) review the literature for relevant evidence or conspicuous information gaps. While the coexistence tests we propose could be applied ...
... functional traits, (2) develop hypotheses about which particular functional traits have the most potential to promote coexistence via the mechanism in question and (3) review the literature for relevant evidence or conspicuous information gaps. While the coexistence tests we propose could be applied ...
Organophosphates
... heptachlor and chlordane), whose half-lives are measured in years or decades. Because so many of the early examples of ecological disaster involved persistent chemicals that bioaccumulated in food chains, there remains a tendency to think that (relatively) rapid degradation is equivalent to being en ...
... heptachlor and chlordane), whose half-lives are measured in years or decades. Because so many of the early examples of ecological disaster involved persistent chemicals that bioaccumulated in food chains, there remains a tendency to think that (relatively) rapid degradation is equivalent to being en ...
Using constraint lines to characterize plant
... presented here assumes that for any initial density, N,, plants will grow in size until resources become limiting (see Fig. 2). At this point the thinning line is reached and competition for resources begins. Further increase in size Log (density m-2) is only possible if some plants die. Others will ...
... presented here assumes that for any initial density, N,, plants will grow in size until resources become limiting (see Fig. 2). At this point the thinning line is reached and competition for resources begins. Further increase in size Log (density m-2) is only possible if some plants die. Others will ...
Appendix 1. Revision of the questions on the environmental impact
... play an important role in the ecosystems or local cultural heritage, such as walnut (Juglans) or chestnut (Castanea) in Europe. The assessor may also include other, more recently introduced beneficial organisms such as biological control agents or exotic plants that play a role in ecosystem services ...
... play an important role in the ecosystems or local cultural heritage, such as walnut (Juglans) or chestnut (Castanea) in Europe. The assessor may also include other, more recently introduced beneficial organisms such as biological control agents or exotic plants that play a role in ecosystem services ...
University of Groningen The Serengeti food web de Visser
... a network (i.e. the proportion of possible trophic interactions that are realized in a network, Gardner & Ashby 1970). Connectance has been argued to correlate with the robustness (R) of food webs to perturbations. This metric is defined as the minimum fraction of primary species deletions that cause ...
... a network (i.e. the proportion of possible trophic interactions that are realized in a network, Gardner & Ashby 1970). Connectance has been argued to correlate with the robustness (R) of food webs to perturbations. This metric is defined as the minimum fraction of primary species deletions that cause ...
A mechanistic verification of the competitive exclusion principle
... helped to realize what really happens because it does not show what happens with population waves on a micro-level of individuals and their local interactions. Moreover the results on chemotactic soliton-like behaviour were obtained on one and the same species while we look for a mechanism of inters ...
... helped to realize what really happens because it does not show what happens with population waves on a micro-level of individuals and their local interactions. Moreover the results on chemotactic soliton-like behaviour were obtained on one and the same species while we look for a mechanism of inters ...
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... It is fairly widespread, particularly when you go into the older parts of London. The Georgian and the Victorian parts of London often support quite high populations of these certain things, and some of it I think is actually to do with the mortar and the cement and the brickwork and things like th ...
... It is fairly widespread, particularly when you go into the older parts of London. The Georgian and the Victorian parts of London often support quite high populations of these certain things, and some of it I think is actually to do with the mortar and the cement and the brickwork and things like th ...
Analysis of interspecific competition in perennial plants using life table
... effects in terms of growth reduction and therefore neglect potentially important components of individual fitness on population dynamics, such as survival or fecundity 共Aarssen and Keogh 2002兲. If long-term experiments based on multiple fitness trait measurements through time are clearly needed in com ...
... effects in terms of growth reduction and therefore neglect potentially important components of individual fitness on population dynamics, such as survival or fecundity 共Aarssen and Keogh 2002兲. If long-term experiments based on multiple fitness trait measurements through time are clearly needed in com ...
What is hidden behind the concept of ecosystem efficiency in energy
... When N was plotted against m, a positive trend by linear least squares regression was found in aquatic communities (see Nybakken, 1997), especially if not belonging to restricted or extreme environments, but not in terrestrial communities (only a smaller number of which, however, was considered in t ...
... When N was plotted against m, a positive trend by linear least squares regression was found in aquatic communities (see Nybakken, 1997), especially if not belonging to restricted or extreme environments, but not in terrestrial communities (only a smaller number of which, however, was considered in t ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.