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Restoring native ecosystems in urban Auckland: urban soils
... planted across four sites increasingly isolated from native bush patches, using two site preparation methods. By year three, woody weeds >50 cm tall had established with an average density of 1.7 plant m–2 across all sites. This was more than 17 times denser than all established wild native woody se ...
... planted across four sites increasingly isolated from native bush patches, using two site preparation methods. By year three, woody weeds >50 cm tall had established with an average density of 1.7 plant m–2 across all sites. This was more than 17 times denser than all established wild native woody se ...
28.3 What Are The Effects Of Predator–Prey Interactions?
... Community interactions influence evolutionary change. • When members of different populations interact with one another, they may influence each other’s ability to survive and reproduce. • Community interactions, therefore, serve as agents of natural selection. • Predators tend to kill members of ...
... Community interactions influence evolutionary change. • When members of different populations interact with one another, they may influence each other’s ability to survive and reproduce. • Community interactions, therefore, serve as agents of natural selection. • Predators tend to kill members of ...
file - ORCA
... Thus, this formulation of rewilding emphasises the top-down role of predator species in precipitating wider ecological changes, or so-called ecological cascading effects (Cromsigt and te Beest, 2014). Other formulations of rewilding have not solely focused on the reintroduction of wild mammalian sp ...
... Thus, this formulation of rewilding emphasises the top-down role of predator species in precipitating wider ecological changes, or so-called ecological cascading effects (Cromsigt and te Beest, 2014). Other formulations of rewilding have not solely focused on the reintroduction of wild mammalian sp ...
Energy, Density, and Constraints to Species Richness: Ant
... by resources and predators. This produces a signature stairstep of biomass and density along a productivity gradient (e.g., Kauzinger and Morin 1998). Likewise, abiotic factors have been linked, not just to plant productivity, but to the ability of consumers to harvest productivity (Andrewartha and ...
... by resources and predators. This produces a signature stairstep of biomass and density along a productivity gradient (e.g., Kauzinger and Morin 1998). Likewise, abiotic factors have been linked, not just to plant productivity, but to the ability of consumers to harvest productivity (Andrewartha and ...
the role of competition in structuring ant communities: a review
... ten thousand sharp “wedges packed close together and driven inwards with incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force.” (Darwin 1859 p. 631). This metaphor represents nothing more than a scenario promoted by competition. During the 1960s and 1970s, field inv ...
... ten thousand sharp “wedges packed close together and driven inwards with incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force.” (Darwin 1859 p. 631). This metaphor represents nothing more than a scenario promoted by competition. During the 1960s and 1970s, field inv ...
Ecosystem Responses to Disturbance
... Soil, water, air, plants, and animals are renewed through natural processes. Energy is always required to produce or maintain an energy flow or to recycle chemicals. Biodiversity takes various forms in different parts of the Earth because species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecological diversit ...
... Soil, water, air, plants, and animals are renewed through natural processes. Energy is always required to produce or maintain an energy flow or to recycle chemicals. Biodiversity takes various forms in different parts of the Earth because species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecological diversit ...
Ecology in Global Scenarios - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... the ecological services that we depend on. Irreversible ecological changes, such as extinctions and species invasions, are of particular concern. It is likely that changes in production systems, ecological management, and social organization will be necessary if we are to sustain human well-being. R ...
... the ecological services that we depend on. Irreversible ecological changes, such as extinctions and species invasions, are of particular concern. It is likely that changes in production systems, ecological management, and social organization will be necessary if we are to sustain human well-being. R ...
Chapter 13 How Ecosystems Change
... • Answer = The latitude of the ecosystem Latitude has a great influence on ecosystems because both moisture and temperature vary with the distance from the equator. The tropics are warm and moist and have long growing seasons with lost of rain. ...
... • Answer = The latitude of the ecosystem Latitude has a great influence on ecosystems because both moisture and temperature vary with the distance from the equator. The tropics are warm and moist and have long growing seasons with lost of rain. ...
Towra Point Nature Reserve Ramsar site: Ecological character
... populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region. In 1993 Botany Bay, including Towra Point Nature Reserve, was recognised as one of the four most important migratory wading bird sites in NSW, and Towra Spit Island was ...
... populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region. In 1993 Botany Bay, including Towra Point Nature Reserve, was recognised as one of the four most important migratory wading bird sites in NSW, and Towra Spit Island was ...
this PDF file - Florida Online Journals
... Sources of variation in apparency and aesthetic appeal in insects include adaptations associated with the environment, particular life history strategies, predator defense, sexual selection, and the interplay of these. Population and species differences in size, shape, and coloration can reflect var ...
... Sources of variation in apparency and aesthetic appeal in insects include adaptations associated with the environment, particular life history strategies, predator defense, sexual selection, and the interplay of these. Population and species differences in size, shape, and coloration can reflect var ...
1 Theories
... Of course, Clements was too good a field ecologist to take these communities literally, writing that ...
... Of course, Clements was too good a field ecologist to take these communities literally, writing that ...
PDF
... and general niche characteristics more easily determined. The very introductions that endanger island communities may yield information on such phenomenaas ecological release, species replacement, and niche shift (60) muchmore quickly and clearly than on the mainland. Anypatch of habitat isolated fr ...
... and general niche characteristics more easily determined. The very introductions that endanger island communities may yield information on such phenomenaas ecological release, species replacement, and niche shift (60) muchmore quickly and clearly than on the mainland. Anypatch of habitat isolated fr ...
Role of biotic interactions in a semiarid scrub community in north
... (Received 19 july 1992; accepted 27 November 1992.) ...
... (Received 19 july 1992; accepted 27 November 1992.) ...
Effects of land use on plant diversity
... world-wide have examined land use and its effects on plant diversity, but evidence for declining species diversity is mixed. This is because, first, land use comes in many variations, hampering comparisons of studies. Second, land use directly affects the environment, but indirect effects extend bey ...
... world-wide have examined land use and its effects on plant diversity, but evidence for declining species diversity is mixed. This is because, first, land use comes in many variations, hampering comparisons of studies. Second, land use directly affects the environment, but indirect effects extend bey ...
The Serengeti food web: empirical quantification and analysis of
... a network (i.e. the proportion of possible trophic interactions that are realized in a network, Gardner & Ashby 1970). Connectance has been argued to correlate with the robustness (R) of food webs to perturbations. This metric is defined as the minimum fraction of primary species deletions that cause ...
... a network (i.e. the proportion of possible trophic interactions that are realized in a network, Gardner & Ashby 1970). Connectance has been argued to correlate with the robustness (R) of food webs to perturbations. This metric is defined as the minimum fraction of primary species deletions that cause ...
LOCAL AND REGIONAL PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS IN
... plants in seven broadly defined Central European vegetation types, using Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction and a phytosociological data set of 11,041 vegetation sample plots from the Czech Republic. The vegetation types included (A) broad-leaved deciduous forests, (B) meadows, (C) dry gra ...
... plants in seven broadly defined Central European vegetation types, using Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction and a phytosociological data set of 11,041 vegetation sample plots from the Czech Republic. The vegetation types included (A) broad-leaved deciduous forests, (B) meadows, (C) dry gra ...
BSF 101//3 - Biodiversity in the Tropics
... Why are coastal, inland wetlands and coral reefs such important ecosystems? (10 marks) ...
... Why are coastal, inland wetlands and coral reefs such important ecosystems? (10 marks) ...
and Belowground Biodiversity in Terrestrial Ecosystems
... Disturbance regime to soil organisms Changes in engineering activities of plants can have a dramatic effect on the disturbance regime to soil organisms, i.e., by altering the fire regime, by triggering biological invasions, or by altering structural features of the soil habitat. Here we confine the ...
... Disturbance regime to soil organisms Changes in engineering activities of plants can have a dramatic effect on the disturbance regime to soil organisms, i.e., by altering the fire regime, by triggering biological invasions, or by altering structural features of the soil habitat. Here we confine the ...
biodiversity loss and ecosystem functioning
... and Cabido 2001). Long-term field experiments also allow tests of the effects of natural temporal variation in environmental conditions on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (Power et al. 1996, Wellnitz and Poff 2001). This is particularly important when testing redundancy ...
... and Cabido 2001). Long-term field experiments also allow tests of the effects of natural temporal variation in environmental conditions on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (Power et al. 1996, Wellnitz and Poff 2001). This is particularly important when testing redundancy ...
A FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM GENETICS
... Gehring, C.A., R.C. Mueller, and T.G. Whitham. 2006. Environmental and genetic effects on the formation of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in cottonwoods. OECOLOGIA (in press). Gitlin, A., C.M. Stultz, M.A. Bowker, S. Stumpf, K. Ecton, K. Kennedy, A. Munoz, J.K. Bailey, and T ...
... Gehring, C.A., R.C. Mueller, and T.G. Whitham. 2006. Environmental and genetic effects on the formation of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in cottonwoods. OECOLOGIA (in press). Gitlin, A., C.M. Stultz, M.A. Bowker, S. Stumpf, K. Ecton, K. Kennedy, A. Munoz, J.K. Bailey, and T ...
2009oecologia
... The idea that phylogeny might aVect invasion success is not new. Darwin (1859) predicted that exotics related to native species would be better invaders, since they would be expected to thrive in environments similar to those that these natives evidently found suitable. He was surprised to Wnd that ...
... The idea that phylogeny might aVect invasion success is not new. Darwin (1859) predicted that exotics related to native species would be better invaders, since they would be expected to thrive in environments similar to those that these natives evidently found suitable. He was surprised to Wnd that ...
Mutualism (biology) - Basic Knowledge 101
... Volterra equations by adding a new term, βM/K, to represent a mutualistic relationship.[20] Wright also considered the concept of saturation, which means that with higher densities, there are decreasing benefits of further increases of the mutualist population. Without saturation, species’ densities ...
... Volterra equations by adding a new term, βM/K, to represent a mutualistic relationship.[20] Wright also considered the concept of saturation, which means that with higher densities, there are decreasing benefits of further increases of the mutualist population. Without saturation, species’ densities ...
Conservation Strategies for Species Affected by Apparent Competition
... Through case studies, we evaluated the effectiveness of 4 management strategies for species affected by apparent competition: predator control, reduction in the abundances of alternate prey, simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey, and no active management of predators or alternate prey ...
... Through case studies, we evaluated the effectiveness of 4 management strategies for species affected by apparent competition: predator control, reduction in the abundances of alternate prey, simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey, and no active management of predators or alternate prey ...
Ecological and evolutionary implications of food subsidies
... Humans began as opportunistic omnivorous species but the first evidence of anthropogenic food subsidies comes from hunter-gatherer societies, in the form of food remains exploited by other scavenging opportunistic species (e.g. prey carcasses). Those subsidies have increased substantially since the ...
... Humans began as opportunistic omnivorous species but the first evidence of anthropogenic food subsidies comes from hunter-gatherer societies, in the form of food remains exploited by other scavenging opportunistic species (e.g. prey carcasses). Those subsidies have increased substantially since the ...
On size and area: Patterns of mammalian body size extremes
... from a particular distribution or pool of body sizes. In particular, when S 1, the expected ®rstorder statistic equals the expected last-order statistic and both correspond to the ®rst moment of the distribution from where the samples were drawn (Balakrishnan and Cohen, 1991). In terms of the patt ...
... from a particular distribution or pool of body sizes. In particular, when S 1, the expected ®rstorder statistic equals the expected last-order statistic and both correspond to the ®rst moment of the distribution from where the samples were drawn (Balakrishnan and Cohen, 1991). In terms of the patt ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.