Biological Cybernetics
... and e, and the angular resolution is for arbitrary x0 ∈ SR given by (1). Curve 2 of Fig. 2 shows the angular resolution per neuron on the horizontal median as a function of ϕ̃0 (as before, e is the horizontal direction). The calculations reveal the following result: the existence of large receptive ...
... and e, and the angular resolution is for arbitrary x0 ∈ SR given by (1). Curve 2 of Fig. 2 shows the angular resolution per neuron on the horizontal median as a function of ϕ̃0 (as before, e is the horizontal direction). The calculations reveal the following result: the existence of large receptive ...
Neurophysiological Aspects of Song Pattern Recognition and Sound
... (compare insets in Fig. 5; for details see Krahe and Ronacher, 1993). Auditory receptors of locusts were taken as a model system for the receptors of Ch. biguttulus due to their greater convenience for electrophysiological recordings. Earlier studies failed to reveal obvious differences in the recep ...
... (compare insets in Fig. 5; for details see Krahe and Ronacher, 1993). Auditory receptors of locusts were taken as a model system for the receptors of Ch. biguttulus due to their greater convenience for electrophysiological recordings. Earlier studies failed to reveal obvious differences in the recep ...
Spinal Nerves
... Nerve = bundle of nerve fibers in PNS (mixed) Tract = bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS (mixed) Ganglion = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS Nucleus = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS ...
... Nerve = bundle of nerve fibers in PNS (mixed) Tract = bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS (mixed) Ganglion = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS Nucleus = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Shandong University
... The basic circuit: Spindle Proprioceptor nerve fiber dorsal root of the spinal cord synapses with anterior motor neurons a -motor N. F. the same M. from whence the M. spindle fiber originated. ...
... The basic circuit: Spindle Proprioceptor nerve fiber dorsal root of the spinal cord synapses with anterior motor neurons a -motor N. F. the same M. from whence the M. spindle fiber originated. ...
MODULE 4: MOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS
... As seen above, going from the lateral surface of cortex to the medial surface somatotopic organization goes from throat to face to hand/arm, to the leg. The knee is at the entrance to the interhemispheric fissure and the lower leg is on the medial surface of the hemisphere. Finally, the foot is “sta ...
... As seen above, going from the lateral surface of cortex to the medial surface somatotopic organization goes from throat to face to hand/arm, to the leg. The knee is at the entrance to the interhemispheric fissure and the lower leg is on the medial surface of the hemisphere. Finally, the foot is “sta ...
Imaging the Functional Organization of Zebrafish
... cells are morphologically similar, each having two major dendrites and an axon that crosses in the brain and descends along the length of the contralateral spinal cord. This set of homologs is of particular interest because one of the set, the Mauthner cell, is already known to play an important rol ...
... cells are morphologically similar, each having two major dendrites and an axon that crosses in the brain and descends along the length of the contralateral spinal cord. This set of homologs is of particular interest because one of the set, the Mauthner cell, is already known to play an important rol ...
An alarm pheromone increases the responsivity of
... The capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid comp ...
... The capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid comp ...
English - SciELO México
... The capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid comp ...
... The capability to perceive and emit alarm substances, such as 2-heptanone, makes animals aware of the presence of danger, leading to some strategies directed towards survival. Strategies of survival involve emotional memory which is processed by deep temporal lobe structures, such as amygdaloid comp ...
muscle stretch reflex
... stimulus, the sensory fibers decrease the frequency of action potential firing due to the decreased length of the central region. The sensory afferent neurons relay the occurrence of the contraction through ...
... stimulus, the sensory fibers decrease the frequency of action potential firing due to the decreased length of the central region. The sensory afferent neurons relay the occurrence of the contraction through ...
The Cl Area of the Brainstem in Tonic and Reflex
... Cl area are local neurons, some of which can be characterized immunocytochemically as containing yaminobutyric acid (GABA),16 or being cholinergic17 or enkephalinergic.18 Neuropepu'de Y is colocalized with PNMT in some Cl neurons," while substance P, also found in the region, is only colocalized wit ...
... Cl area are local neurons, some of which can be characterized immunocytochemically as containing yaminobutyric acid (GABA),16 or being cholinergic17 or enkephalinergic.18 Neuropepu'de Y is colocalized with PNMT in some Cl neurons," while substance P, also found in the region, is only colocalized wit ...
Lecture #1 - University of Utah
... net effect depends on timing of excite & inhibitory inputs, spatial summ. 3) Plasticity: Activity-depend. Changes in synaptic transmission a) Facilitation ...
... net effect depends on timing of excite & inhibitory inputs, spatial summ. 3) Plasticity: Activity-depend. Changes in synaptic transmission a) Facilitation ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
... in Fig. 1 B), DA release decreased from ⬃1 M at site 4 to 30 nM at site 1, which was 2.5 ⫾ 0.3% of the release in the nAcc (at site 4); sites 3 and 2 were intermediate at 26 ⫾ 3 and 9.5 ⫾ 2.5%, respectively (Fig. 1 F). Bath application of the DAT inhibitor nomifensine (10 M, 10 min) dramatically i ...
Cell body, axon, dendrite, synapse
... Nicotine also affects the activities of many important chemicals in our bodies called metabolites. These substances are important for growth and development. The scan compares the activity of an important metabolite in a non-smoker to that in a smoker. 14a: Does the body scan show an increased or de ...
... Nicotine also affects the activities of many important chemicals in our bodies called metabolites. These substances are important for growth and development. The scan compares the activity of an important metabolite in a non-smoker to that in a smoker. 14a: Does the body scan show an increased or de ...
Biology 358 — Neuroanatomy First Exam
... 33—40% of this tract’s UMNs (upper motor neurons) originates within the premotor cortex, 33—40% originate within the primary motor cortex, and 20% originate within the somesthetic cortex of the cerebrum. Within the brain this tract gives off collateral branches to the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebe ...
... 33—40% of this tract’s UMNs (upper motor neurons) originates within the premotor cortex, 33—40% originate within the primary motor cortex, and 20% originate within the somesthetic cortex of the cerebrum. Within the brain this tract gives off collateral branches to the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebe ...
Chapter 3 Lecture Notecards
... a weaker stimulus does not produce a weaker action potential. If the neuron receives a stimulus of sufficient strength, it fires, but if it receives a weaker stimulus, it doesn’t. This is referred to as the “all-or-none law.” ...
... a weaker stimulus does not produce a weaker action potential. If the neuron receives a stimulus of sufficient strength, it fires, but if it receives a weaker stimulus, it doesn’t. This is referred to as the “all-or-none law.” ...
Chapter 3 Editable Lecture Notecards
... a weaker stimulus does not produce a weaker action potential. If the neuron receives a stimulus of sufficient strength, it fires, but if it receives a weaker stimulus, it doesn’t. This is referred to as the “all-or-none law.” ...
... a weaker stimulus does not produce a weaker action potential. If the neuron receives a stimulus of sufficient strength, it fires, but if it receives a weaker stimulus, it doesn’t. This is referred to as the “all-or-none law.” ...
The Cat is Out of the Bag: Cortical Simulations with 109 Neurons
... The cerebral cortex is a large sheet of neurons a few millimeters thick and with a surface area of 2500 cm2 in humans, folded tightly to fit within constraints imposed by the skull [30]. Neuronal density in the cortical sheet has been estimated at 92, 000 neurons under 1 mm2 [8]. The cortex is subdi ...
... The cerebral cortex is a large sheet of neurons a few millimeters thick and with a surface area of 2500 cm2 in humans, folded tightly to fit within constraints imposed by the skull [30]. Neuronal density in the cortical sheet has been estimated at 92, 000 neurons under 1 mm2 [8]. The cortex is subdi ...
Inferring functional connections between neurons
... These methods have been used to analyze results from a range of recent experiments. They have been used to ask how retinal ganglion cells interact [31], and to analyze cultures of neurons in vitro [34]. These two cases are of particular importance, since the anatomy of the retina is well known, an ...
... These methods have been used to analyze results from a range of recent experiments. They have been used to ask how retinal ganglion cells interact [31], and to analyze cultures of neurons in vitro [34]. These two cases are of particular importance, since the anatomy of the retina is well known, an ...
The Existence of a Layer IV in the Rat Motor Cortex
... pattern was found in the adult primate motor cortex, which Lewis (Lewis, 1878; Kemper and Galaburda, 1984) described as being five-layered, with the conventional fourth layer missing. A similarly five-layered motor cortex has also been described as relevant for the rat and for the mouse, and is, acc ...
... pattern was found in the adult primate motor cortex, which Lewis (Lewis, 1878; Kemper and Galaburda, 1984) described as being five-layered, with the conventional fourth layer missing. A similarly five-layered motor cortex has also been described as relevant for the rat and for the mouse, and is, acc ...
Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... isolated singe neurons from several sites in the auditory cortex of anesthetized marmoset monkeys were recorded from simultaneously, while the animal was presented with a pure tone stimulus (4 kHz ) that is known to drive these neurons [deCharms and Merzenich , 1996] . The firing pattern, and the co ...
... isolated singe neurons from several sites in the auditory cortex of anesthetized marmoset monkeys were recorded from simultaneously, while the animal was presented with a pure tone stimulus (4 kHz ) that is known to drive these neurons [deCharms and Merzenich , 1996] . The firing pattern, and the co ...
Document
... • Figure 5 demonstrates that two different neurons have different responses to the same stimulus • Although the action potentials are different, a lot of the subthreshold response is similar between them, reflecting shared input from the network. • Regardless of shared inputs, there is significant d ...
... • Figure 5 demonstrates that two different neurons have different responses to the same stimulus • Although the action potentials are different, a lot of the subthreshold response is similar between them, reflecting shared input from the network. • Regardless of shared inputs, there is significant d ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... with the palp covered during presentation. This new approach isolates the lateral inputs to palp PNs (by shielding then from direct sensory input), without eliminating the spontaneous activity of palp ORNs. In this configuration, they found that the odorant-evoked activation of ORNs on the antenna i ...
... with the palp covered during presentation. This new approach isolates the lateral inputs to palp PNs (by shielding then from direct sensory input), without eliminating the spontaneous activity of palp ORNs. In this configuration, they found that the odorant-evoked activation of ORNs on the antenna i ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.