Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... redundancy of neurons early in development. These neurons compete vigorously to migrate, innervate target neurons, and drink trophic factors necessary to fuel this process. Apparently there is survival of the fittest, because 50% to 90% of many types of neurons normally die at this time of brain mat ...
... redundancy of neurons early in development. These neurons compete vigorously to migrate, innervate target neurons, and drink trophic factors necessary to fuel this process. Apparently there is survival of the fittest, because 50% to 90% of many types of neurons normally die at this time of brain mat ...
Watching synapses during sensory information
... of two-photon microscopy may help to answer whether this salt-and-pepper like organization also exists in deeper cortical layers or even in subcortical brain regions. In addition, further studies should also be performed to understand what happens in different cell types and in different species. A ...
... of two-photon microscopy may help to answer whether this salt-and-pepper like organization also exists in deeper cortical layers or even in subcortical brain regions. In addition, further studies should also be performed to understand what happens in different cell types and in different species. A ...
Drugs and Toxins
... Extension of leg activates quadriceps and inhibits hamstrings. Where does this coordination originate? • The somatic motor neurons innervate these muscles. When it reaches threshold, will release ACh onto inhibitory neurons and excitatory neurons. This causes flexor muscles to contract and extensor ...
... Extension of leg activates quadriceps and inhibits hamstrings. Where does this coordination originate? • The somatic motor neurons innervate these muscles. When it reaches threshold, will release ACh onto inhibitory neurons and excitatory neurons. This causes flexor muscles to contract and extensor ...
Eagleman Ch 8. Attention and Consciousness
... If the cue correctly predicts the stimulus, there is a reaction time benefit. If the cue incorrectly predicts the stimulus, there is a reaction time cost. Top-down mechanisms focus voluntary (endogenous) attention. Bottom-up mechanisms focus involuntary (exogenous) attention. ...
... If the cue correctly predicts the stimulus, there is a reaction time benefit. If the cue incorrectly predicts the stimulus, there is a reaction time cost. Top-down mechanisms focus voluntary (endogenous) attention. Bottom-up mechanisms focus involuntary (exogenous) attention. ...
Document
... • Ventral horns—somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots • Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) –sympathetic neurons • Dorsal root (spinal) gangia—contain cell bodies of sensory neurons ...
... • Ventral horns—somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots • Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) –sympathetic neurons • Dorsal root (spinal) gangia—contain cell bodies of sensory neurons ...
Number, size and distribution of ganglion neurons in urinary bladder
... quantitative data on the neurons such as number and size, are available only for the Guinea-pig urinary bladder. In the urinary bladder of adult Guinea-pigs, counts on whole-mount preparations of entire bladders (Gabella, 1990) reveal the presence of 2000 to 2500 neurons per bladder, either as indiv ...
... quantitative data on the neurons such as number and size, are available only for the Guinea-pig urinary bladder. In the urinary bladder of adult Guinea-pigs, counts on whole-mount preparations of entire bladders (Gabella, 1990) reveal the presence of 2000 to 2500 neurons per bladder, either as indiv ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... The modern study of neural coding began with the discovery that neural responses to sensory stimuli are composed of discrete events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same ...
... The modern study of neural coding began with the discovery that neural responses to sensory stimuli are composed of discrete events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same ...
pdf 2.5M
... not oscillators, even if certain cells can display autonomous rhythmic firing (a behavior we are not addressing here, but certainly nothing like an actual oscillator, especially if the membrane potential is the monitored variable). However, groups of neurons can show oscillating electrical activity, ...
... not oscillators, even if certain cells can display autonomous rhythmic firing (a behavior we are not addressing here, but certainly nothing like an actual oscillator, especially if the membrane potential is the monitored variable). However, groups of neurons can show oscillating electrical activity, ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... grounded bath medium. All data are presented with correction for the junction potential. Whole-cell voltage signals were recorded under current clamp using an Axoclamp 2B microelectrode amplifier (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA). Tight seals (.1 GV) were established on the somata of visually ident ...
... grounded bath medium. All data are presented with correction for the junction potential. Whole-cell voltage signals were recorded under current clamp using an Axoclamp 2B microelectrode amplifier (Axon Instruments, Burlingame, CA). Tight seals (.1 GV) were established on the somata of visually ident ...
Lectin and Peptide Expression in Nodose
... unmyelinated somatosensory afferents are specifically labeled by lectins (12). In the present study, it was found that GSA I-B4-positive neurons were smaller than unlabeled neurons in NG. Hence, it may be suggested that lectin labeled neurons are sensory and could be reasonable candidates for nocice ...
... unmyelinated somatosensory afferents are specifically labeled by lectins (12). In the present study, it was found that GSA I-B4-positive neurons were smaller than unlabeled neurons in NG. Hence, it may be suggested that lectin labeled neurons are sensory and could be reasonable candidates for nocice ...
neural correlates of associative face memory in
... passive viewing of the 10 associative pair-selective neurons that were available. Neuronal activities during the period of 64-560 ms after stimulus onset were ...
... passive viewing of the 10 associative pair-selective neurons that were available. Neuronal activities during the period of 64-560 ms after stimulus onset were ...
Neural circuit rewiring: insights from DD synapse remodeling
... and suggests that the specificity of axonal and dendritic cargo might be determined by factors besides the orientation of MTs. Mature neurons contain highly stable MTs, and they also contain an additional population of dynamic MTs, which constantly grow and shrink from the MT plus end. One possible f ...
... and suggests that the specificity of axonal and dendritic cargo might be determined by factors besides the orientation of MTs. Mature neurons contain highly stable MTs, and they also contain an additional population of dynamic MTs, which constantly grow and shrink from the MT plus end. One possible f ...
Respiratory Centers
... • more frequently they fire, more deeply you inhale • longer duration they fire, breath is prolonged, slow rate Expiratory center (ventral respiratory group, VRG) •involved in forced expiration ...
... • more frequently they fire, more deeply you inhale • longer duration they fire, breath is prolonged, slow rate Expiratory center (ventral respiratory group, VRG) •involved in forced expiration ...
D:spinal motor neurons Kuwada.wpd
... of this lecture is presented in Figure 12. Here, motor units were recorded in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of a cat while it performed a variety of motor behaviors. The “slow” motor units activate small, dark muscle fibers, have low activation thresholds and are slow to achieve maximum contractio ...
... of this lecture is presented in Figure 12. Here, motor units were recorded in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of a cat while it performed a variety of motor behaviors. The “slow” motor units activate small, dark muscle fibers, have low activation thresholds and are slow to achieve maximum contractio ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar interactions with the caudate nuclei, mediated by the insula and the mammillary body ...
... c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar interactions with the caudate nuclei, mediated by the insula and the mammillary body ...
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion
... that the underlying motion-sensitive neurons targeted by our adapter stimulus respond differentially to a range of low dot densities, and that their responses saturate at or around 10 dots per deg2. This is consistent with the macaque data (Snowden et al. 1991, 1992), in which an initial rapid incre ...
... that the underlying motion-sensitive neurons targeted by our adapter stimulus respond differentially to a range of low dot densities, and that their responses saturate at or around 10 dots per deg2. This is consistent with the macaque data (Snowden et al. 1991, 1992), in which an initial rapid incre ...
Motor_lesions2009-04-18 00:3983 KB
... ● Permanent loss of fine sensations in the opposite side, but the crude sensations recover gradually. ● CONTRALATERAL HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA: Loss of vision in the opposite half of the 2 visual fields due to interruption of signals from the temporal part of ipsilateral retina of nasal part of contral ...
... ● Permanent loss of fine sensations in the opposite side, but the crude sensations recover gradually. ● CONTRALATERAL HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA: Loss of vision in the opposite half of the 2 visual fields due to interruption of signals from the temporal part of ipsilateral retina of nasal part of contral ...
Chapter Two Line Title Here and Chapter Title Here and Here
... their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate. 3. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain in which the cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the spinal cord, and synapses with a second neuron, the postganglionic neuron, reside within an autonomic ganglion out ...
... their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate. 3. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain in which the cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the spinal cord, and synapses with a second neuron, the postganglionic neuron, reside within an autonomic ganglion out ...
Basal Ganglia Subcircuits Distinctively Encode the
... Neural activity was recorded using the MAP system (Plexon Inc., TX). The spike activity was initially sorted using an online sorting algorithm (Plexon Inc.), and only cells with a clearly identified waveform and relatively high signal-to-noise ratio were used. In the end of recording, cells were re ...
... Neural activity was recorded using the MAP system (Plexon Inc., TX). The spike activity was initially sorted using an online sorting algorithm (Plexon Inc.), and only cells with a clearly identified waveform and relatively high signal-to-noise ratio were used. In the end of recording, cells were re ...
Document
... Chemoreceptors (fibers) sensitive to acid, glucose and amino acids have been demonstrated which, in essence, allows "tasting" of lumenal contents. Sensory receptors (fibers) in muscle respond to stretch and tension ...
... Chemoreceptors (fibers) sensitive to acid, glucose and amino acids have been demonstrated which, in essence, allows "tasting" of lumenal contents. Sensory receptors (fibers) in muscle respond to stretch and tension ...
Habituation, sensitization and Pavlovian conditioning
... driving influence on learning theory and research. In Pavlovian conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) acquires the ability to trigger a new response by virtue of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), which by definition is biologically important and capable of triggering an innate re ...
... driving influence on learning theory and research. In Pavlovian conditioning, a conditioned stimulus (CS) acquires the ability to trigger a new response by virtue of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), which by definition is biologically important and capable of triggering an innate re ...
Trial time warping to discriminate stimulus-related
... Ventura, 2004). Most of these methods take into account the trialto-trial variability of neuronal activity and can determine with different levels of accuracy the onset response latency, especially to sensory stimuli. However, these methods are not designed to test whether the activity of a cell is ...
... Ventura, 2004). Most of these methods take into account the trialto-trial variability of neuronal activity and can determine with different levels of accuracy the onset response latency, especially to sensory stimuli. However, these methods are not designed to test whether the activity of a cell is ...
Neural representation of action sequences: how far can
... Ventral and dorsal stream encoding models. We utilize existing models of brain areas that provide input to the STS. Specifically, we use the HMAX family of models, which include models of the ventral [14] and dorsal [15] streams. These models receive pixel images as input, and simulate visual proces ...
... Ventral and dorsal stream encoding models. We utilize existing models of brain areas that provide input to the STS. Specifically, we use the HMAX family of models, which include models of the ventral [14] and dorsal [15] streams. These models receive pixel images as input, and simulate visual proces ...
Caridoid escape reaction
The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes — thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.