Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... et al., 2012), indicating that DA in regions other than the brain may modulate micturition. Recent studies revealed that autonomic neurons in the rat lower spinal cord express DA receptors (Gladwell et al., 1999; Stafford and Coote, 2006), suggesting that DA released within the cord helps regulate a ...
... et al., 2012), indicating that DA in regions other than the brain may modulate micturition. Recent studies revealed that autonomic neurons in the rat lower spinal cord express DA receptors (Gladwell et al., 1999; Stafford and Coote, 2006), suggesting that DA released within the cord helps regulate a ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron, which has been extensively studied because of its key role in the transmission of sensory signals. It has been suggested that the stem process has a region with a molecular composition similar to the AIS named proximal segment (PS). So far, many basic questions rem ...
... dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron, which has been extensively studied because of its key role in the transmission of sensory signals. It has been suggested that the stem process has a region with a molecular composition similar to the AIS named proximal segment (PS). So far, many basic questions rem ...
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... hubs for meanings, as far as the entire brain is concerned. The meanings include, but not limited to, goal, intent, value, spatial context, temporal context, and actions. Each TCM state is not limited to a single meaning, but represents multiple concurrent meanings of an attended object (e.g., plant ...
... hubs for meanings, as far as the entire brain is concerned. The meanings include, but not limited to, goal, intent, value, spatial context, temporal context, and actions. Each TCM state is not limited to a single meaning, but represents multiple concurrent meanings of an attended object (e.g., plant ...
Neuronal responses to face-like and facial stimuli in the monkey
... dots, gratings, or simple patches. Consequently, evidence that sSC neurons process prototypical facial stimuli is lacking. Since it has been reported that individual sSC neurons are not sensitive to shape (Schiller and Koerner, 1971; Goldberg and Wurtz, 1972), we hypothesized that population activit ...
... dots, gratings, or simple patches. Consequently, evidence that sSC neurons process prototypical facial stimuli is lacking. Since it has been reported that individual sSC neurons are not sensitive to shape (Schiller and Koerner, 1971; Goldberg and Wurtz, 1972), we hypothesized that population activit ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... multiple defects (data not shown). Cell bodies in r4 migrate laterally by 36 hpf, while the majority of cells located more anteriorly in r2 and r3 remain medial throughout development (Fig. 1F). These data are consistent with the ectopic expression of tag-1 in r4 neurons of 36-hpf lzr/pbx4 embryos ( ...
... multiple defects (data not shown). Cell bodies in r4 migrate laterally by 36 hpf, while the majority of cells located more anteriorly in r2 and r3 remain medial throughout development (Fig. 1F). These data are consistent with the ectopic expression of tag-1 in r4 neurons of 36-hpf lzr/pbx4 embryos ( ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
... activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information about the correlation of the baseline activity of single neurons and the behavior. Furthermore, it is not clear how the “oscillation” and the “level” of the neural baseline activity are related to each ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... The monkeys were trained to perform a version of a sequential delayed matching-to-sample task that requires the identification of a face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimul ...
... The monkeys were trained to perform a version of a sequential delayed matching-to-sample task that requires the identification of a face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimul ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... the motor cortex part of the brain concerned with motor function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neu ...
... the motor cortex part of the brain concerned with motor function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neu ...
full text pdf
... from the eye into the brain for information processing in the central nervous system (CNS). One of the first relay centers in this pathway is the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN), a thalamic center in the diencephalon. Each dLGN hemisphere receives major input from the optic nerves and from ...
... from the eye into the brain for information processing in the central nervous system (CNS). One of the first relay centers in this pathway is the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN), a thalamic center in the diencephalon. Each dLGN hemisphere receives major input from the optic nerves and from ...
Responses to irrational actions in action
... Early studies reported engagement of the AON and MZN in quite different circumstances, but the extent to which the AON and MZN systems function independently and how they interact is currently debated (see Van Overwalle and Baetens (2009) for a meta-analysis). Concurrent activation of both systems i ...
... Early studies reported engagement of the AON and MZN in quite different circumstances, but the extent to which the AON and MZN systems function independently and how they interact is currently debated (see Van Overwalle and Baetens (2009) for a meta-analysis). Concurrent activation of both systems i ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... applying various drugs were tested. Although several theoretical models were proposed, the actual mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis were largely misunderstood until quite recently. In vitro studies performed on neonatal rodents showed, however, that a special set of neurons locat ...
... applying various drugs were tested. Although several theoretical models were proposed, the actual mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis were largely misunderstood until quite recently. In vitro studies performed on neonatal rodents showed, however, that a special set of neurons locat ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... (9) SNr and EP maintain a tonic inhibitory output over their target structures in thalamus and brainstem. Selection of an action is then encoded by suppression of the appropriate neural population (output “channel”) in SNr/EP, resulting in selective disinhibition of basal ganglia output targets (Che ...
... (9) SNr and EP maintain a tonic inhibitory output over their target structures in thalamus and brainstem. Selection of an action is then encoded by suppression of the appropriate neural population (output “channel”) in SNr/EP, resulting in selective disinhibition of basal ganglia output targets (Che ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... field potentials (LFPs) and EEG signals are often decoupled due to a variety of electrophysiological and anatomical variables (Musall et al., 2014). A widely used EEG monitor failed to reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness (Avidan et al., 2011), highlighting the potential lack of sensitiv ...
... field potentials (LFPs) and EEG signals are often decoupled due to a variety of electrophysiological and anatomical variables (Musall et al., 2014). A widely used EEG monitor failed to reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness (Avidan et al., 2011), highlighting the potential lack of sensitiv ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... model and the efficient coding of natural images. In such probabilistic frameworks, the job of the visual system is to infer or estimate the properties of the world from signals coming from receptors [26–28]. In HPC framework, this job is hypothesized to be completed by concurrent prediction-correct ...
... model and the efficient coding of natural images. In such probabilistic frameworks, the job of the visual system is to infer or estimate the properties of the world from signals coming from receptors [26–28]. In HPC framework, this job is hypothesized to be completed by concurrent prediction-correct ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. 1). Expression of this isoform by intrafusal fibers of spindles is dependent on the presence of Ia afferent innervation. Innervation of residual spindles by af ...
... of the spindle-specific slow-developmental myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform in nuclear bag fibers of the residual spindles of mutants (Fig. 1). Expression of this isoform by intrafusal fibers of spindles is dependent on the presence of Ia afferent innervation. Innervation of residual spindles by af ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brie ...
... but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brie ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... At the level of auditory cortex, the situ- which is prototypical of nonlemnical audiation has not yet been clarified, but it is tory cortex (D. Diamond & Weinberger, probably more complex than at the thala- 1984). Such comparative information may mus. Auditory cortex consists of several be important ...
... At the level of auditory cortex, the situ- which is prototypical of nonlemnical audiation has not yet been clarified, but it is tory cortex (D. Diamond & Weinberger, probably more complex than at the thala- 1984). Such comparative information may mus. Auditory cortex consists of several be important ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
Structural Repair and Functional Recovery Following Cerebral
... of somatostatin and related substances to for many of the regrowing tracts is proact as chemotactic or growth-promoting vided by a connective tissue sheath (capiagents in Melampus CNS regeneration, but tocerebral membrane). It covers the CNS there are many other substances, such as and fans out like ...
... of somatostatin and related substances to for many of the regrowing tracts is proact as chemotactic or growth-promoting vided by a connective tissue sheath (capiagents in Melampus CNS regeneration, but tocerebral membrane). It covers the CNS there are many other substances, such as and fans out like ...