Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caudal–ventral–lateral axis. These authors suggested that this orientation tends to parallel the preferred orientation of the striatal compartments, i.e., the striosomes, in the primate striatum. Thus, the geometry of striatal M ...
... arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caudal–ventral–lateral axis. These authors suggested that this orientation tends to parallel the preferred orientation of the striatal compartments, i.e., the striosomes, in the primate striatum. Thus, the geometry of striatal M ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... representation. The method was then relatively neglected in the motor system until our stimulation studies in monkeys suggested a possible mapping of complex movements in the precentral gyrus (Cooke & Graziano 2004a; Graziano et al. 2002a, 2003, 2004, 2005). We found that short stimulation trains ev ...
... representation. The method was then relatively neglected in the motor system until our stimulation studies in monkeys suggested a possible mapping of complex movements in the precentral gyrus (Cooke & Graziano 2004a; Graziano et al. 2002a, 2003, 2004, 2005). We found that short stimulation trains ev ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... During a time when role models seem to become rarer and rarer, I‟ve had the privilege of learning from one of the best, Professor Alastair Ferguson. Thank you Al, not only for ironing out the rough edges of my research every step of the way, but also for teaching me the importance of balance in my l ...
... During a time when role models seem to become rarer and rarer, I‟ve had the privilege of learning from one of the best, Professor Alastair Ferguson. Thank you Al, not only for ironing out the rough edges of my research every step of the way, but also for teaching me the importance of balance in my l ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... rates and discharge patterns, the significance level was set at p 0.05. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ...
... rates and discharge patterns, the significance level was set at p 0.05. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... The cortex, although heterogeneous at the cellular level, has a well-organized topographic structure. The cortex can be divided into 6 layers along the radial axis and each layer consists of different neuronal cell types. A strong vertical organization (column) is also apparent and this column spans ...
... The cortex, although heterogeneous at the cellular level, has a well-organized topographic structure. The cortex can be divided into 6 layers along the radial axis and each layer consists of different neuronal cell types. A strong vertical organization (column) is also apparent and this column spans ...
This article was originally published in the
... high-conflict tasks show the greatest increases in reaction time following trials with the greatest ERN. These observations are supported by several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing hemodynamic responses believed to reflect the same processes that generate the ERN. Howeve ...
... high-conflict tasks show the greatest increases in reaction time following trials with the greatest ERN. These observations are supported by several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing hemodynamic responses believed to reflect the same processes that generate the ERN. Howeve ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
... Many of the neuronal somas in the aggregates fluoresced when treated with anti-yy-enolase IgG. However, some of the cells in the aggregates reacted with anti-glial fibrillary protein IgG and anti-S-100 (PP) IgG, indicating that the aggregates contained glial cells as well as neurons. Anti-68K-neurof ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... To investigate how the striatum integrates sensory information with reward information for ...
... To investigate how the striatum integrates sensory information with reward information for ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... Figure 2: A schematic drawing of cervical ganglia and related anatomical structures of a rabbit in the right upper corner (SSG: Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, MSG: Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion, ISG: Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion, STG: Stellate ganglion). At the base, histol ...
... Figure 2: A schematic drawing of cervical ganglia and related anatomical structures of a rabbit in the right upper corner (SSG: Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, MSG: Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion, ISG: Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion, STG: Stellate ganglion). At the base, histol ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... At the first half of the last century, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases were known by their motor disabilities. The discovery that these diseases are caused by the degeneration of components of the basal ganglia led to the theory that this system is exclusively involved in motor functions [13,55 ...
... At the first half of the last century, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases were known by their motor disabilities. The discovery that these diseases are caused by the degeneration of components of the basal ganglia led to the theory that this system is exclusively involved in motor functions [13,55 ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... 2. BST as a hub connecting hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and dopamine system The anterolateral group of the BST plays a critical role in anxiety and reward related behaviors (Forray and Gysling, 2004; Dumont et al., 2005). It is a complex structure that can be divided into anterolateral, subcommiss ...
... 2. BST as a hub connecting hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and dopamine system The anterolateral group of the BST plays a critical role in anxiety and reward related behaviors (Forray and Gysling, 2004; Dumont et al., 2005). It is a complex structure that can be divided into anterolateral, subcommiss ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... The cc measure. To quantify the fine temporal relationship between a neuron and population activity, we assessed the asymmetry of the spiketriggered MUA using a previously described measure, cc, defined as the mean spike time of spike-triggered MUA within a 100 ms time window, which is equivalent ...
... The cc measure. To quantify the fine temporal relationship between a neuron and population activity, we assessed the asymmetry of the spiketriggered MUA using a previously described measure, cc, defined as the mean spike time of spike-triggered MUA within a 100 ms time window, which is equivalent ...
Article
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
Cilia development, morphogenesis, and
... channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cilia are exposed to the environment through the cuticle. The amphid wing neurons (XYX, XYB, XYC) have complex ciliary structures. T ...
... channel cilia are found in XS`, XSG, XSH, XSI, XSh, XSK, XDF, and XDL neurons. XDF and XDL possess two cilia each, while the other cells possess a single cilium. These cilia are exposed to the environment through the cuticle. The amphid wing neurons (XYX, XYB, XYC) have complex ciliary structures. T ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... cally disinhibiting the branches targeted by this pathway (Fig. 1c), i.e. by a disinhibition pattern ...
... cally disinhibiting the branches targeted by this pathway (Fig. 1c), i.e. by a disinhibition pattern ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... have used (especially CTB), relative to previously used tracers (e.g. biocytin) and even to a recently introduced tracing method (i.e. an adenovirus bearing the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein––EGFP [95]. In the cat these connections are slightly more extensive, being on average 6–8 mm lo ...
... have used (especially CTB), relative to previously used tracers (e.g. biocytin) and even to a recently introduced tracing method (i.e. an adenovirus bearing the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein––EGFP [95]. In the cat these connections are slightly more extensive, being on average 6–8 mm lo ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
Full PDF
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
... system. J Appl Physiol 115: 954 –971, 2013. First published May 2, 2013; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012.—This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Surv ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spina ...
... the lower motor neurons in the medial ventral horn, have axons that project to many spinal cord segments; indeed, some project to targets along the entire length of the cord. Moreover, many of these local circuit neurons also have axonal branches that cross the midline in the commissure of the spina ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...
... family of transcription factors to regulate the expression profile of two classes of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors (Class I/Class II) in the ventral spinal cord (Shirasaki & Pfaff 2002). Shh induces expression of the more ventrally expressed Class II protein genes, whereas genes encoding Cl ...