Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... amygdala single-neuron activity while monkeys performed self-defined choice sequences toward distant rewards. Previously, we reported prospective amygdala signaling of immediate, current-trial choices (Grabenhorst et al., 2012) and forthcoming choice sequences (Hernadi et al., 2015). Although such s ...
... amygdala single-neuron activity while monkeys performed self-defined choice sequences toward distant rewards. Previously, we reported prospective amygdala signaling of immediate, current-trial choices (Grabenhorst et al., 2012) and forthcoming choice sequences (Hernadi et al., 2015). Although such s ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... predictors) and are inhibited by smaller-than-expected rewards (and their predictors)43. It has been proposed that these changes in dopamine neuron activity drive reinforcement learning44. In this scheme, the excitation of dopamine neurons in response to receiving a largerthan-expected reward facili ...
... predictors) and are inhibited by smaller-than-expected rewards (and their predictors)43. It has been proposed that these changes in dopamine neuron activity drive reinforcement learning44. In this scheme, the excitation of dopamine neurons in response to receiving a largerthan-expected reward facili ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... oriented bars. Otherwise, the stimuli were identical in the three monkeys. Each dot was 400 mm high (in relief) and 500 mm in diameter at its top, with sides that sloped away at 60° relative to the surface of the drum. The location of the center of each dot was determined by selecting two random num ...
... oriented bars. Otherwise, the stimuli were identical in the three monkeys. Each dot was 400 mm high (in relief) and 500 mm in diameter at its top, with sides that sloped away at 60° relative to the surface of the drum. The location of the center of each dot was determined by selecting two random num ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
... indicate the importance of controlling outputs of the basal ganglia by STN neurons. Therefore it is crucial to know how activities of STN neurons are regulated. In slice preparations, STN neurons show rhythmic singlespike activities at resting membrane potentials (Beurrier et al. 1999; Bevan and Wil ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... moving spotlight) or in parallel. Many of the conclusions are drawn from human studies that used behavioral latencies (e.g., increased latency to find a target as the number of search stimuli increase;(Duncan and Humphreys, 1989; Duncan et al., 1994; Treisman and Gelade, 1980; Wolfe et al., 1989). W ...
... moving spotlight) or in parallel. Many of the conclusions are drawn from human studies that used behavioral latencies (e.g., increased latency to find a target as the number of search stimuli increase;(Duncan and Humphreys, 1989; Duncan et al., 1994; Treisman and Gelade, 1980; Wolfe et al., 1989). W ...
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... FBMNs along RS neuron projections (data not shown). As noted above, these RS neuron projections normally contribute to the MLF (Fig. 3D′, arrow) (Kimmel et al., 1982). To control for the possibility that simply severing the neural tube disrupted FBMN migration, embryos were transected posterior to t ...
... FBMNs along RS neuron projections (data not shown). As noted above, these RS neuron projections normally contribute to the MLF (Fig. 3D′, arrow) (Kimmel et al., 1982). To control for the possibility that simply severing the neural tube disrupted FBMN migration, embryos were transected posterior to t ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
... PWS, but no one knows which gene is important for normal body weight. One of the inactivated genes is called MAGEL2. We previously found that mice missing the equivalent mouse gene, named Magel2, have more fat and are overweight compared to mice with an intact Magel2 gene. In other forms of genetic ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... the same population of cells. They reported that they did not see regional segregation of neurons exhibiting spatial selective delay activity and those exhibiting color selective delay activity. More recently, some studies have found specialized zones in prefrontal cortex that are more sensitive to ...
... the same population of cells. They reported that they did not see regional segregation of neurons exhibiting spatial selective delay activity and those exhibiting color selective delay activity. More recently, some studies have found specialized zones in prefrontal cortex that are more sensitive to ...
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... (MCGs) conserved in many opisthobranch and pulmonate species (Weinreich et al., 1973; Senseman and Gelperin, 1974; Sakharov, 1976; Weiss and Kupfermann, 1976; Gillette and Davis, 1977; Granzow and Rowell, 1981; Croll, 1987), exert varying degrees of influence in feeding behavior (Gillette and Davis, ...
... (MCGs) conserved in many opisthobranch and pulmonate species (Weinreich et al., 1973; Senseman and Gelperin, 1974; Sakharov, 1976; Weiss and Kupfermann, 1976; Gillette and Davis, 1977; Granzow and Rowell, 1981; Croll, 1987), exert varying degrees of influence in feeding behavior (Gillette and Davis, ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... response. Double labeling of neurons by Fos, a marker of recent activity, and EGFP, indicating the presence of GABA, was used as a measure of recent GABA receptor ...
... response. Double labeling of neurons by Fos, a marker of recent activity, and EGFP, indicating the presence of GABA, was used as a measure of recent GABA receptor ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... our cases, the labeled neurons were found in the caudal dentatus similar and overlapping as suggested by Cohen pole of the nucleus; only a few scattered neurons were et al. (1958). We also demonstrate that it is the lateral found at more rostral levels and these were always in the nucleus (with a mu ...
... our cases, the labeled neurons were found in the caudal dentatus similar and overlapping as suggested by Cohen pole of the nucleus; only a few scattered neurons were et al. (1958). We also demonstrate that it is the lateral found at more rostral levels and these were always in the nucleus (with a mu ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
More on the evolution of imitation
... experience, the visual perception of “grasping” by another animal could activate neurons based on a visual “equivalence class” between the sight of one’s own and another’s hand. If this analysis is correct, mirror neurons could result from learning and visual generalization. It is now critical for t ...
... experience, the visual perception of “grasping” by another animal could activate neurons based on a visual “equivalence class” between the sight of one’s own and another’s hand. If this analysis is correct, mirror neurons could result from learning and visual generalization. It is now critical for t ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing (Robertson et al. 2003, Su et al. 2009). The amino-acid homology across this gene family is only about 20 %, indicating ...
... 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are encoded by a family of 60 genes through alternative splicing (Robertson et al. 2003, Su et al. 2009). The amino-acid homology across this gene family is only about 20 %, indicating ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... excitatory chemical synapse (Rayport and Schacher 1986). With this model synapse in cell culture, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in synaptic strength correlate directly with habituation or sensitization of the reflex behavior in situ. Moreover, this plasticity of synaptic strength was s ...
... excitatory chemical synapse (Rayport and Schacher 1986). With this model synapse in cell culture, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in synaptic strength correlate directly with habituation or sensitization of the reflex behavior in situ. Moreover, this plasticity of synaptic strength was s ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains
... 2.2. In vitro current injection experiments We performed a series of in vitro experiments where we stimulated regular spiking layer 5 pyramidal neurons of neocortex by means of somatic injection of fluctuating currents that mimicked synaptic input from a large number of presynaptic neurons. Acute sl ...
... 2.2. In vitro current injection experiments We performed a series of in vitro experiments where we stimulated regular spiking layer 5 pyramidal neurons of neocortex by means of somatic injection of fluctuating currents that mimicked synaptic input from a large number of presynaptic neurons. Acute sl ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and with mo ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and with mo ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... alleles being found in more than 85% of all narcoleptic patients (Kadotani et al., 1998). The genetics of human narcolepsy, however, have remained unclear. Positional cloning has identified mutations in the OX2R (hcrtr-2) gene as the cause of narcolepsy in a canine model (Lin et al., 1999), and mice ...
... alleles being found in more than 85% of all narcoleptic patients (Kadotani et al., 1998). The genetics of human narcolepsy, however, have remained unclear. Positional cloning has identified mutations in the OX2R (hcrtr-2) gene as the cause of narcolepsy in a canine model (Lin et al., 1999), and mice ...