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the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons

... This thesis investigates the dynamics of systems of neurons in the brain. It considers two questions: (1) Are there coherent spatiotemporal structures in the dynamics of neuronal systems that can denote discrete computational states, and (2) If such structures exist, what restrictions do the dynamic ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans

... The behavioral repertoire of humans is broad, extending from simple behaviors such as sensory perception to more complex cognitive behaviors like language or creativity. Interestingly, no matter how simple or complex are these behaviors, they share without exception the common feature that their exp ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato

... E xperiments were performed according to methods approved by the Animal E xperimentation Ethics Committee of the Australian National University. Wistar rats (postnatal day 16 –22) were decapitated, and 300-␮m-thick brain slices of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were prepared either in the pla ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
the premotor cortex of the monkey

... of Bucy (1933, 1935) and Fulton (1934). The premotor cortex can be defined as the part of the frontal agranular isocortex outside of the precentral motor (MI) and the supplementary motor (MII) representations and it can be distinguished from the rostrally adjacent frontal granular cortex on cytoarch ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

... a visible reaction, it leads to the increase of convulsive readiness of the brain. With the passage of time on the same subliminal exposure to the animal responds already cramps (the phenomenon of "swing" or kindling). In everyday life, there are many long-term stressors, nevrozogennye factors, occu ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to

computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS

Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus

... primary afferents project to secondary vestibular neurons located in the vestibular complex. Vestibular primary afferents also project to the uvula-nodulus of the cerebellum where they terminate on granule cells. In this report we describe the physiological properties of neurons in a “new” vestibula ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3

... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal

... Further work is needed in order to work out exactly how the nervous system integrates information from different neuropeptides. Do certain neurons respond to specific neuropeptide combinations? It also remains to be seen how different insects are able to use the same neuropeptides to control ecdysis ...
Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a
Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a

... Cerebellar interconnections with the cerebral cortex were traditionally viewed as a massive open-loop system. At the input stage of this system, information from diverse cortical areas including motor, premotor, posterior parietal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex is transmitted to the cerebellar co ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics

... well established “mean-shift” algorithm is an Figure 2. Summary diagram showing the cluster for all neurons in top view. Cluster outlines are indicated by ellipses (projected iterative procedure that performs these steps 2-ellipsoids), and all clusters belonging to a neuron are delineated by a gray ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science

... movements that resemble walking. The second motor subsystem consists of the upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie in the brainstem or cerebral cortex and whose axons descend to synapse with the local circuit neurons or, more rarely, with the lower motor neurons directly. The upper motor neuron p ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce

... determine whether there was a change in the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of sleep, the ratio of sleep during the light-on period versus the light-off period was calculated (Table 1). ␦ power (0.5– 4 Hz) was calculated using the ICELUS software system (M. Opp, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits

... for iontophoretic marking of recording sites, was used in the identification and recording of activity of gastric-NST or -DMN neurons, as described previously (McCann et al., 1992; Viard et al., 2012). Extracellular signals from the micropipette were amplified (5000⫻; WPI DAM 50 Differential Amplifi ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases

Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron

... we performed the immunofluorescent analyses of the paraffinembedded sections stained with anti-TDP-43 and anti-ChAT antibodies of L5 spinal cord (n = 5 for each) and brain stem (n = 3 for each) of control and TDP CKO mice. All the neurons within the every fifth sections from the 50 consecutive secti ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science

... parameters include the local autocorrelation of the linear filter responses, which enables the representation of periodic structures. Also included are the correlations of complex magnitudes of nearby pairs of filters tuned for the same scale, and the same or different orientations, which enables th ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences

... parameters include the local autocorrelation of the linear filter responses, which enables the representation of periodic structures. Also included are the correlations of complex magnitudes of nearby pairs of filters tuned for the same scale, and the same or different orientations, which enables th ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and

... everyday behaviours spontaneously (Laplane and Baulac, 1984; Caplan et al., 1990). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may be less motivated in achieving goals and may also show symptoms of depression (Pluck and Brown, 2002). These observations, as well as many others not described here, suggest that ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the

... CA1’ and CA1 fields rostrally, but originated in the subicular fields caudally. In contrast, labeled neurons which innervated orbital cortices were considerably more focal, emanating from the same relative position within a field throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampal formation. In ma ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a

Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and

... tion, i.e., the inability to attend simultaneously to two internal spatial representations or memories against or more objects in visual space. Bisiach et al. (30) have which this altered perception can be compared. This shown that a spatial deficit can exist even when atten- proposed memory loss wo ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists

... pathway (Erzurumlu and Killackey, 1983; Erzurumlu et al., 2010; Ma, 1991, 1993; Ma and Woolsey, 1984; Schlaggar and O’Leary, 1993; Van Der Loos, 1976; Woolsey and Van der Loos, 1970). Distinct facial dermatomes are innervated by the peripheral axonal processes of trigeminal ganglion (TG) primary sen ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO

... drifting in the neuron’s preferred direction as invisible bar ends presented outside the CRF could not provide unambiguous global directional cues. Consequently, with this masking, the responses of the two neurons in Fig. 2 were statistically indistinguishable among the different global directions o ...
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Mirror neuron

A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron ""mirrors"" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex.The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation. Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception/action coupling (see the common coding theory). They argue that mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people, and for learning new skills by imitation. Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions, and thus contribute to theory of mind skills, while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities. Neuroscientists such as Marco Iacoboni (UCLA) have argued that mirror neuron systems in the human brain help us understand the actions and intentions of other people. In a study published in March 2005 Iacoboni and his colleagues reported that mirror neurons could discern if another person who was picking up a cup of tea planned to drink from it or clear it from the table. In addition, Iacoboni has argued that mirror neurons are the neural basis of the human capacity for emotions such as empathy.It has also been proposed that problems with the mirror neuron system may underlie cognitive disorders, particularly autism. However the connection between mirror neuron dysfunction and autism is tentative and it remains to be seen how mirror neurons may be related to many of the important characteristics of autism.Despite the excitement generated by these findings, to date, no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation. There are neuroscientists who caution that the claims being made for the role of mirror neurons are not supported by adequate research.
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