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... Neurocan and Brevican are differentially expressed by two subsets of astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) following dorsal root lesion (Beggah et al., Neuroscience 133: 749^762, 2005). However, direct evidence for a growth-inhibitory role of these proteoglycans in vivo is stil ...
... Neurocan and Brevican are differentially expressed by two subsets of astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) following dorsal root lesion (Beggah et al., Neuroscience 133: 749^762, 2005). However, direct evidence for a growth-inhibitory role of these proteoglycans in vivo is stil ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Virtual Fly Brain – under the hood.
... See forthcoming paper on relations used in VFB shape – of soma; branchiness ...
... See forthcoming paper on relations used in VFB shape – of soma; branchiness ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... and connect to neurons in other areasof the brain . So far, we have stated that neurons transmit signals along the axon to thousands of other neurons - but what do these signals look like ? The neuronal signals can be observed by placing a fine electrode close to the soma or axon of a neuron ; see F ...
... and connect to neurons in other areasof the brain . So far, we have stated that neurons transmit signals along the axon to thousands of other neurons - but what do these signals look like ? The neuronal signals can be observed by placing a fine electrode close to the soma or axon of a neuron ; see F ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... To restrict our analysis specifically to VTA-DA and VTA-GABA neurons, we used DAT-Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression pattern of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (Bäckman et al., 2006; Lammel et al., 2015), and GAD2Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression of glutamic acid decar ...
... To restrict our analysis specifically to VTA-DA and VTA-GABA neurons, we used DAT-Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression pattern of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (Bäckman et al., 2006; Lammel et al., 2015), and GAD2Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression of glutamic acid decar ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) are generally classified as visceral senses because of their close association with gastrointestinal function. Physiologically, they are related to each other. The flavors of various foods are in large part a combination of their taste and smell. Consequently, ...
... Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) are generally classified as visceral senses because of their close association with gastrointestinal function. Physiologically, they are related to each other. The flavors of various foods are in large part a combination of their taste and smell. Consequently, ...
Muscle fiber and motor end plate involvement in the
... and the muscle surface may be a structural compensatory response to a reduced efficiency of impulse transmission or a partial functional denervation induced by the decreased available area of postjunctional synaptic contact. The presence of dense granules between axon and muscle has been reported in ...
... and the muscle surface may be a structural compensatory response to a reduced efficiency of impulse transmission or a partial functional denervation induced by the decreased available area of postjunctional synaptic contact. The presence of dense granules between axon and muscle has been reported in ...
Scents and Sensibility: A Molecular Logic of Olfactory Perception
... transfer to isolate these two molecules. As often in science, serendipity heightened the interest in these molecules: we demonstrated that one of these receptors, CD4, was the highaffinity receptor for HIV, allowing attachment and infection of immune cells. This early work on recombinant DNA was a p ...
... transfer to isolate these two molecules. As often in science, serendipity heightened the interest in these molecules: we demonstrated that one of these receptors, CD4, was the highaffinity receptor for HIV, allowing attachment and infection of immune cells. This early work on recombinant DNA was a p ...
2 m – 21. I, II, III, IV, VI, VIII pairs of cranial nerves
... common tendinous ring, and acts to abduct the eyeball (i.e. to rotate the gaze away from the midline). Vestibular cochlear nerve (VIII) The Vestibulocochlear Nerve is the eighth of the twelve cranial nerves. The fibers consist of only Afferent Sensory Fibers. The word Afferent means toward the centr ...
... common tendinous ring, and acts to abduct the eyeball (i.e. to rotate the gaze away from the midline). Vestibular cochlear nerve (VIII) The Vestibulocochlear Nerve is the eighth of the twelve cranial nerves. The fibers consist of only Afferent Sensory Fibers. The word Afferent means toward the centr ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
... one were polysynaptically activated by ADN stimulation. The mean onset latency for AP-evoked action potentials was 10.1 6 3.4 (mean 6 SD) ms. As we have previously shown for NTS neurons receiving combined AP and ADN inputs (5), ADN stimulation evoked action potentials having either a long-onset late ...
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... Dorsal root ganglions from 6 months old mice were dissected after perfusion with PFA and then post-fixed in glutaraldehyde 3% (n = 3). Tissue samples were washed three times in 0.1 M NaHPO4 pH 7.4 and then treated with osmium tetroxyde 2% in NaHPO4 0.1 M for 2 h at 20C. The samples were then dehydra ...
... Dorsal root ganglions from 6 months old mice were dissected after perfusion with PFA and then post-fixed in glutaraldehyde 3% (n = 3). Tissue samples were washed three times in 0.1 M NaHPO4 pH 7.4 and then treated with osmium tetroxyde 2% in NaHPO4 0.1 M for 2 h at 20C. The samples were then dehydra ...
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... same side (Spangler et al., 1985; Kuwabara and Zook, 1991; Smith et al., 1998; Henkel and Gabriele, 1999; Sanes and Friauf, 2000). The two inputs create EI cells that are excited by sounds in the ipsilateral ear and inhibited by sounds in the contralateral ear. EI cells vary with respect to the rang ...
... same side (Spangler et al., 1985; Kuwabara and Zook, 1991; Smith et al., 1998; Henkel and Gabriele, 1999; Sanes and Friauf, 2000). The two inputs create EI cells that are excited by sounds in the ipsilateral ear and inhibited by sounds in the contralateral ear. EI cells vary with respect to the rang ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... cell counts and the average was calculated. In the neocortex, neurons were counted in two diVerent regions circumscribed with a rectangle measuring 0.47 £ 0.35 mm2 (Fig. 1). The centers of both counting boxes were 5.0 mm far from each other. The one counting box was located just under the craniectom ...
... cell counts and the average was calculated. In the neocortex, neurons were counted in two diVerent regions circumscribed with a rectangle measuring 0.47 £ 0.35 mm2 (Fig. 1). The centers of both counting boxes were 5.0 mm far from each other. The one counting box was located just under the craniectom ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... different by ú0.2 kHz), and reduce the responses of subcortical neurons tuned to other frequencies (different by ú0.2 kHz). This means that single subcortical neurons receive positive feedback from one or a few cortical minicolumns, and receive lateral inhibition from many, perhaps, all other minico ...
... different by ú0.2 kHz), and reduce the responses of subcortical neurons tuned to other frequencies (different by ú0.2 kHz). This means that single subcortical neurons receive positive feedback from one or a few cortical minicolumns, and receive lateral inhibition from many, perhaps, all other minico ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... mistaken impression that second messenger modulation of a single current occurs in isolation. Instead, modulation of membrane currents by second messengers has several important computational consequences (Hille, 2001): (A) Second messenger activation is often associated with amplification. That is, ...
... mistaken impression that second messenger modulation of a single current occurs in isolation. Instead, modulation of membrane currents by second messengers has several important computational consequences (Hille, 2001): (A) Second messenger activation is often associated with amplification. That is, ...
Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide
... Methods: Mice expressing Cre-recombinase under the Glp1r promoter were crossed with either a ROSA26 eYFP or tdRFP reporter strain to identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting ...
... Methods: Mice expressing Cre-recombinase under the Glp1r promoter were crossed with either a ROSA26 eYFP or tdRFP reporter strain to identify GLP-1R expressing cells. Patch-clamp recordings were performed on tdRFP-positive neurons in acute coronal brain slices from adult mice and selective targeting ...
Copy of the full paper
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
Multiplication and stimulus invariance in a looming
... corresponding to approaches lasting between 0.5 and 6 s for objects sizes ranging between 12 and 28 cm at approach speeds between 2 and 10 m/s (see [19, Table 1]). As the looming parameter l=jvj is varied over one order of magnitude (5–50 ms), the overall time-course of the LGMD’s firing rate remains ...
... corresponding to approaches lasting between 0.5 and 6 s for objects sizes ranging between 12 and 28 cm at approach speeds between 2 and 10 m/s (see [19, Table 1]). As the looming parameter l=jvj is varied over one order of magnitude (5–50 ms), the overall time-course of the LGMD’s firing rate remains ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... Neural circuits in the brain operate on the millisecond time scale via spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal spikes. Two-photon calcium imaging recently has enabled functional measurements from neuronal networks in vivo1, but its temporal resolution is limited compared to that of electrical recordings ...
... Neural circuits in the brain operate on the millisecond time scale via spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal spikes. Two-photon calcium imaging recently has enabled functional measurements from neuronal networks in vivo1, but its temporal resolution is limited compared to that of electrical recordings ...
Effects of activity-dependent strategies on regeneration and
... their reinnervation preserves the structure of the end-plates and enhance reinnervation (Pachter and Eberstein, 1989). In contrast, continuous passive motion of the hindlimb after tibial nerve section did not influence nerve regeneration, when this treatment was performed only during the first 14 days ...
... their reinnervation preserves the structure of the end-plates and enhance reinnervation (Pachter and Eberstein, 1989). In contrast, continuous passive motion of the hindlimb after tibial nerve section did not influence nerve regeneration, when this treatment was performed only during the first 14 days ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) (13), respectively (Figure 1A). In this way, propagating electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are ex ...
... dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) (13), respectively (Figure 1A). In this way, propagating electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are ex ...
Are mesopontine cholinergic neurons either necessary or sufficient
... REM sleep.20-22 Such data appeared to be consistent with experiments demonstrating powerful inhibitory effects of both serotonin23,24 and noradrenaline25 upon identified mesopontine cholinergic neurons in brain slices. Given that noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are at their most active during ...
... REM sleep.20-22 Such data appeared to be consistent with experiments demonstrating powerful inhibitory effects of both serotonin23,24 and noradrenaline25 upon identified mesopontine cholinergic neurons in brain slices. Given that noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are at their most active during ...
aud
... auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions of auditory analysis, such as the "... recognition, interpretation, and integration of auditory i ...
... auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions of auditory analysis, such as the "... recognition, interpretation, and integration of auditory i ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.