Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... parameters (Table 1; we include an exemplary configuration file for each simulation in the Supplementary Materials). The main parameters of the algorithm describe the strength, spatial gradient, and extent of the local growth biases, and the branching and extension processes. A second subset of para ...
... parameters (Table 1; we include an exemplary configuration file for each simulation in the Supplementary Materials). The main parameters of the algorithm describe the strength, spatial gradient, and extent of the local growth biases, and the branching and extension processes. A second subset of para ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... anti-C NA1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C NA5 (diluted 1:25), anti-C NA6 (diluted 1:25), anti-C N B2 (diluted 1:15), anti-C NC1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C N D1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C N E2 (diluted 1:15), or anti-synaptotagmin (diluted 1:200) for 36 hr at 4°C. All antibodies were diluted in a solution containing ...
... anti-C NA1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C NA5 (diluted 1:25), anti-C NA6 (diluted 1:25), anti-C N B2 (diluted 1:15), anti-C NC1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C N D1 (diluted 1:15), anti-C N E2 (diluted 1:15), or anti-synaptotagmin (diluted 1:200) for 36 hr at 4°C. All antibodies were diluted in a solution containing ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
... The Hubel and Wiesel experiments saw a clear response of the simple cells to a bar. But is this all that the cell does? How well does a bigger bar work, how about a ’T’-shape instead of a bar? This raises the general question: how to measure the receptive field of a cell without biasing the result, ...
... The Hubel and Wiesel experiments saw a clear response of the simple cells to a bar. But is this all that the cell does? How well does a bigger bar work, how about a ’T’-shape instead of a bar? This raises the general question: how to measure the receptive field of a cell without biasing the result, ...
Topical Review
... projections that were not injured by the stroke. It is not clear at present if this sprouting involves in situ axonal branch formation and growth, but it would be unlikely for axonal projections to grow de novo across the long distances from cortex to cervical spinal cord or brain stem after stroke. ...
... projections that were not injured by the stroke. It is not clear at present if this sprouting involves in situ axonal branch formation and growth, but it would be unlikely for axonal projections to grow de novo across the long distances from cortex to cervical spinal cord or brain stem after stroke. ...
facial nerve
... Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve Raised disc of the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve is called the optic disc. ...
... Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve Raised disc of the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve is called the optic disc. ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... inputs arriving simultaneously at nearby sites on the same dendrite is smaller than the current generated if these inputs arrive at different dendrites9. Figure 3a illustrates how the segregation helps to improve coincidence detection. Thus, the conductance threshold, or minimum synaptic conductance ...
... inputs arriving simultaneously at nearby sites on the same dendrite is smaller than the current generated if these inputs arrive at different dendrites9. Figure 3a illustrates how the segregation helps to improve coincidence detection. Thus, the conductance threshold, or minimum synaptic conductance ...
identification of cell types in brain slices of the inferior colliculus
... and the dorsal aspect of the cerebellum and caudal cerebrum were quickly exposed. Parallel cuts, roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem, were made at the caudal border of the mesencephalon and rostrally, through the middle of the superior colliculus. The tissue block was attached to ...
... and the dorsal aspect of the cerebellum and caudal cerebrum were quickly exposed. Parallel cuts, roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem, were made at the caudal border of the mesencephalon and rostrally, through the middle of the superior colliculus. The tissue block was attached to ...
Auditory physiology chapter
... auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions of auditory analysis, such as the "... recognition, interpretation, and integration of auditory i ...
... auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions of auditory analysis, such as the "... recognition, interpretation, and integration of auditory i ...
Nerve Growth Factor: Cellular localization and regulation of synthesis
... that is necessary and that their conditioned medium is sufficient. The identificalion of the secretory products of macrophages responsible for the regulation of synthesis of NGF is currently under investigation. ...
... that is necessary and that their conditioned medium is sufficient. The identificalion of the secretory products of macrophages responsible for the regulation of synthesis of NGF is currently under investigation. ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... the cellular basis of temporal complexity of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Male advertisement calls contain two alternating components—fast trills (⬃300 ms) and slow trills (⬃700 ms) that contain clicks repeated at ⬃60 and ⬃30 Hz, respectively. We found that males can alter the duration of ...
... the cellular basis of temporal complexity of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Male advertisement calls contain two alternating components—fast trills (⬃300 ms) and slow trills (⬃700 ms) that contain clicks repeated at ⬃60 and ⬃30 Hz, respectively. We found that males can alter the duration of ...
The Spinal Nerve
... Has projections (gray horns) Organization of Gray Matter The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that ...
... Has projections (gray horns) Organization of Gray Matter The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that ...
pain - Dog2Doc.com
... • ACTH/B-lipotropin is released from the anterior pituitary in response to pain – broken down into Bendorphins and corticosteroids • Mechanism of action – similar to enkephalins to block ascending nerve impulses ...
... • ACTH/B-lipotropin is released from the anterior pituitary in response to pain – broken down into Bendorphins and corticosteroids • Mechanism of action – similar to enkephalins to block ascending nerve impulses ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... Edited by Thomas M. Jessell, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, and approved January 18, 2007 (received for review April 21, 2006) ...
... Edited by Thomas M. Jessell, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, and approved January 18, 2007 (received for review April 21, 2006) ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
... the MB lobes and is consistent with a role as potential output neurons that pool KC synaptic weights. The genomic fragment used to create the VT1211-GAL4 line (Bidaye et al., 2014) comes from a region that is proximal to the gene for the vesicular glutamate transporter (DVGlut) (Daniels et al., 2008 ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
Lineage origins of GABAergic versus glutamatergic neurons in the
... neurons of layer V [38,39], while Tbr1, which is expressed in layer VI neurons is required to specify corticothalamic projection neurons [36,40,41]. In contrast, Satb2 is expressed in neurons that project across the corpus callosum and required for their specification [37]. Ctip2 seems to play a cen ...
... neurons of layer V [38,39], while Tbr1, which is expressed in layer VI neurons is required to specify corticothalamic projection neurons [36,40,41]. In contrast, Satb2 is expressed in neurons that project across the corpus callosum and required for their specification [37]. Ctip2 seems to play a cen ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... Dendritic potassium currents showed partial inactivation, typically decaying by 30 –50% over 200 msec for voltage steps positive to 0 mV. The time course of decay could generally be fit well by two exponential functions (Fig. 3A). Measured for maximal activation by steps to 70 mV, the faster time co ...
... Dendritic potassium currents showed partial inactivation, typically decaying by 30 –50% over 200 msec for voltage steps positive to 0 mV. The time course of decay could generally be fit well by two exponential functions (Fig. 3A). Measured for maximal activation by steps to 70 mV, the faster time co ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. J Neurophysiol 84: 390 – 400, 2000. Multichannel tetrode array recording in awake behaving animals provides a powerful method to record the activity of large numbers of neurons. The power of this method could be extended if f ...
... features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. J Neurophysiol 84: 390 – 400, 2000. Multichannel tetrode array recording in awake behaving animals provides a powerful method to record the activity of large numbers of neurons. The power of this method could be extended if f ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the left LGN are connected to the glaucomatous right eye, while layers 2, 3, and 5 are connected to the nonglaucomatous left eye. To determine whether neurons are lo ...
... layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the left LGN are connected to the glaucomatous right eye, while layers 2, 3, and 5 are connected to the nonglaucomatous left eye. To determine whether neurons are lo ...
Neural Tissue
... Neuroglia Four Types of Neuroglia in the CNS Astrocytes large cell bodies with many processes Maintain blood–brain barrier (isolates CNS) Create three-dimensional framework for CNS Repair damaged neural tissue Guide neuron development Control interstitial environment ...
... Neuroglia Four Types of Neuroglia in the CNS Astrocytes large cell bodies with many processes Maintain blood–brain barrier (isolates CNS) Create three-dimensional framework for CNS Repair damaged neural tissue Guide neuron development Control interstitial environment ...
A Beginner`s Guide to the Mathematics of Neural Networks
... neuron of the rabbit cortex. The black blobs are the neurons, the trees of wires fanning out constitute the input channels (or dendrites) through which signals are received which are sent o by other ring neurons. The lines at the bottom, bifurcating only modestly, are the output channels (or axons ...
... neuron of the rabbit cortex. The black blobs are the neurons, the trees of wires fanning out constitute the input channels (or dendrites) through which signals are received which are sent o by other ring neurons. The lines at the bottom, bifurcating only modestly, are the output channels (or axons ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... of CNS as commonly discussed (Holland 2003). The idea that the rudimentary neural centralization observed in some cnidarians is an antecedent characteristic of the eumetazoan nervous system should be examined at least by comparative molecular analysis. An additional hypothesis considering the origin ...
... of CNS as commonly discussed (Holland 2003). The idea that the rudimentary neural centralization observed in some cnidarians is an antecedent characteristic of the eumetazoan nervous system should be examined at least by comparative molecular analysis. An additional hypothesis considering the origin ...
Anatomical evidence for an ascending somatosensory pathway to
... Caiman, which is equivalent to the dorsolateral area of Huber and Crosby (1926), exhibits several distinct regions of high succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of which two correspond to thalamotelencephalic auditory and visual targets (Pritz and Northcutt 1977). We provide evidence that an additi ...
... Caiman, which is equivalent to the dorsolateral area of Huber and Crosby (1926), exhibits several distinct regions of high succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of which two correspond to thalamotelencephalic auditory and visual targets (Pritz and Northcutt 1977). We provide evidence that an additi ...
Full version (PDF file)
... main origin of glutamatergic afferent fibers traversing the ventral and dorsal NAc is separate (Groenewegen et al. 1999, Humphries and Prescott 2010, Voorn et al. 2004). In the present study, both V-DPSP and D-DPSP were mainly mediated by AMPA/KA receptors (Fig. 2) and showed similar electrophysiolo ...
... main origin of glutamatergic afferent fibers traversing the ventral and dorsal NAc is separate (Groenewegen et al. 1999, Humphries and Prescott 2010, Voorn et al. 2004). In the present study, both V-DPSP and D-DPSP were mainly mediated by AMPA/KA receptors (Fig. 2) and showed similar electrophysiolo ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... The Major Divisions of the Nervous System ...
... The Major Divisions of the Nervous System ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.