Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... destination (see boxes) Tracts run the length of the spinal cord You see them here in horizontal cross-section Note: Tracts are paired, bilaterally, but only one of each pair is depicted here ...
... destination (see boxes) Tracts run the length of the spinal cord You see them here in horizontal cross-section Note: Tracts are paired, bilaterally, but only one of each pair is depicted here ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
... Due to their reciprocally inhibitory synapses the pair of HN(3) neurons can produce oscillations (Fig 4, B). This is the smallest group of cells that can produce oscillations and hence are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-cente ...
Document
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
PDF
... neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this sparse connectivity with nearby pyramids, calretinin neurons provide st ...
... neurons provide direct inhibition, although with a low connectivity rate of ∼10% (Caputi et al., 2009), on mid-proximal dendritic domain of pyramidal cell (i.e., proximal parts of apical and basal dendrites). In addition to this sparse connectivity with nearby pyramids, calretinin neurons provide st ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... synchrony is meaningful only from the perspective of a reader mechanism with the ability to integrate upstream events over time (Buzsáki, 2006). Thus, whether events are synchronous or not can be determined only by their impact on a reader-actuator. Similarly, I suggest that the cell assembly can o ...
... synchrony is meaningful only from the perspective of a reader mechanism with the ability to integrate upstream events over time (Buzsáki, 2006). Thus, whether events are synchronous or not can be determined only by their impact on a reader-actuator. Similarly, I suggest that the cell assembly can o ...
Mechanical Response Properties of A and C Primary Afferent
... of meningeal sensory fibers (Wolff 1963). Migraine headache, although not accompanied by any detectable pathology, shares certain clinical features with headaches of intracranial origin, and has also been postulated to result from activation of the meningeal sensory innervation (reviewed in Strassma ...
... of meningeal sensory fibers (Wolff 1963). Migraine headache, although not accompanied by any detectable pathology, shares certain clinical features with headaches of intracranial origin, and has also been postulated to result from activation of the meningeal sensory innervation (reviewed in Strassma ...
nervous system physiology 4
... Not all of them are "in use" at any given time; if the task requires little force, only a few may be "recruited" by the brain, and as these fatigue, they are shifted smoothly out of service and new motor units switched into use, to maintain the steady level of contraction that muscle has to have. ...
... Not all of them are "in use" at any given time; if the task requires little force, only a few may be "recruited" by the brain, and as these fatigue, they are shifted smoothly out of service and new motor units switched into use, to maintain the steady level of contraction that muscle has to have. ...
Sympathetic nervous system and inflammation: A conceptual view
... which are connected synaptically. The cell bodies of the final sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are grouped in autonomic ganglia. They have unmyelinated axons and project to the target organs. These neurons are therefore called ganglion cells or postganglionic neurons. The cell bodies of the p ...
... which are connected synaptically. The cell bodies of the final sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons are grouped in autonomic ganglia. They have unmyelinated axons and project to the target organs. These neurons are therefore called ganglion cells or postganglionic neurons. The cell bodies of the p ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... The telencephalon consists of two cerebral hemispheres and is also called the cerebrum. An evolutionary trend in which the telencephalon increases in size and complexity in vertebrates is telencephalization. ...
... The telencephalon consists of two cerebral hemispheres and is also called the cerebrum. An evolutionary trend in which the telencephalon increases in size and complexity in vertebrates is telencephalization. ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Recent studies suggest critically important roles for molecular motor proteins in regulating microtubule distribution in growth cones. The first of these studies demonstrated that cytoplasmic dynein, a minus end-directed motor protein, is required for a portion of the microtubules to overcome the re ...
... Recent studies suggest critically important roles for molecular motor proteins in regulating microtubule distribution in growth cones. The first of these studies demonstrated that cytoplasmic dynein, a minus end-directed motor protein, is required for a portion of the microtubules to overcome the re ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... These imaging experiments demonstrate that different odors activate different combinations of glomeruli and these spatial patterns of activity are conserved in different flies. At concentrations of odors reflective of the fly’s native environment, the map is sparse with glomeruli narrowly tuned to a ...
... These imaging experiments demonstrate that different odors activate different combinations of glomeruli and these spatial patterns of activity are conserved in different flies. At concentrations of odors reflective of the fly’s native environment, the map is sparse with glomeruli narrowly tuned to a ...
Review. Glial cells in neuronal network function
... on neuronal network activity are largely unknown. Several findings suggest that this influence does not consist of simple regulation of neuronal membrane potential through activation of postsynaptic receptors—such as NMDA receptor-mediated slow inward currents (SICs) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA ...
... on neuronal network activity are largely unknown. Several findings suggest that this influence does not consist of simple regulation of neuronal membrane potential through activation of postsynaptic receptors—such as NMDA receptor-mediated slow inward currents (SICs) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA ...
Neurons in the Most Superficial Lamina of the Mouse Superior
... rons in the most superficial lamina of the mouse SGS. around the craniotomy to block light from the visual stimulus during imaging. The SC was covered by 2.5% agarose in ACSF for stability. Materials and Methods Imaging was performed with a two-photon microscope (2P-SGS; Prairie Animal preparation. ...
... rons in the most superficial lamina of the mouse SGS. around the craniotomy to block light from the visual stimulus during imaging. The SC was covered by 2.5% agarose in ACSF for stability. Materials and Methods Imaging was performed with a two-photon microscope (2P-SGS; Prairie Animal preparation. ...
Bilateral communication between
... through the coracobrachialis muscle. The most frequent variation is the presence of a communicating branch that bifurcates from the MCN and goes distally to join the MN, an anastomosis observed in the lower third of arm (7, 10). If this branch is given off in upper third of the arm, it is generally ...
... through the coracobrachialis muscle. The most frequent variation is the presence of a communicating branch that bifurcates from the MCN and goes distally to join the MN, an anastomosis observed in the lower third of arm (7, 10). If this branch is given off in upper third of the arm, it is generally ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... Table 1, left and central columns, shows the actions whose observation triggered the neurons and the number of neurons responsive to the observation of each of them, respectively. Twelve neurons responded to the observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two ...
... Table 1, left and central columns, shows the actions whose observation triggered the neurons and the number of neurons responsive to the observation of each of them, respectively. Twelve neurons responded to the observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... Acidic and basic FGF appear to be the most abundant mitogenic factors extracted from adult brain (Thomas, 1987) but the specificfunction in vivo and the preciserelative distribution of these2 membersof the FGF-family in adult nervous tissue are presently not well understood. Both aFGF and bFGF, for ...
... Acidic and basic FGF appear to be the most abundant mitogenic factors extracted from adult brain (Thomas, 1987) but the specificfunction in vivo and the preciserelative distribution of these2 membersof the FGF-family in adult nervous tissue are presently not well understood. Both aFGF and bFGF, for ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Figure 3 Paired recordings identify convergent glomerular inputs. (a) An example paired recording from a GFP+ Mz671 neuron and one of its presynaptic PNs. The top trace is a single PN spike evoked by direct current injection. The bottom traces are postsynaptic membrane potentials in individual tria ...
... Figure 3 Paired recordings identify convergent glomerular inputs. (a) An example paired recording from a GFP+ Mz671 neuron and one of its presynaptic PNs. The top trace is a single PN spike evoked by direct current injection. The bottom traces are postsynaptic membrane potentials in individual tria ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... vivo in 10 of 11 cells tested (90%; Fig. 2c). This proportion is significantly higher than what was observed in the presence of the D1 agonist alone (n = 0/8, P = 0.00012, FET) or NMDA alone (n = 2/12, P = 0.0002, FET). The spontaneous plateaus recorded in the presence of SKF38393 + NMDA lasted 380.0 ...
... vivo in 10 of 11 cells tested (90%; Fig. 2c). This proportion is significantly higher than what was observed in the presence of the D1 agonist alone (n = 0/8, P = 0.00012, FET) or NMDA alone (n = 2/12, P = 0.0002, FET). The spontaneous plateaus recorded in the presence of SKF38393 + NMDA lasted 380.0 ...
Muscle fiber and motor end plate involvement in the
... other muscles manifested scattered abnormalities to varying degrees. Central nucleation and fiber splitting were prominent. Junctional abnormalities consisted of a reduction in postjunctional folding, excessive numbers of axonal terminals on hypertrophic fibers, and the presence of dense granules be ...
... other muscles manifested scattered abnormalities to varying degrees. Central nucleation and fiber splitting were prominent. Junctional abnormalities consisted of a reduction in postjunctional folding, excessive numbers of axonal terminals on hypertrophic fibers, and the presence of dense granules be ...
Recording Electrical Signals from Human Muscle
... Figure 12.4. Illustration of the sensory and motor pathways involved in the tendon-tap (stretch) reflex for the human quadriceps muscle. After witnessing recordings from about 200 student subjects, I have noted several interesting trends related to motor unit control and EMG activity. First, subject ...
... Figure 12.4. Illustration of the sensory and motor pathways involved in the tendon-tap (stretch) reflex for the human quadriceps muscle. After witnessing recordings from about 200 student subjects, I have noted several interesting trends related to motor unit control and EMG activity. First, subject ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... All simulations are carried out using a network of 1000 spiking neurons described in detail by Izhikevich (2006), who provides the MATLAB and C code. The code is also available on the author’s web page www.izhikevich.com. The network has 80% excitatory neurons of the regular spiking type and 20% inh ...
... All simulations are carried out using a network of 1000 spiking neurons described in detail by Izhikevich (2006), who provides the MATLAB and C code. The code is also available on the author’s web page www.izhikevich.com. The network has 80% excitatory neurons of the regular spiking type and 20% inh ...
Dopamine
... and its postsynaptic actions are often stymied by the myriad of actions that this neurotransmitter can produce. Thus, DA has been found to exert actions on the neurons it innervates both directly and via G-protein–coupled receptors. Moreover, this transmitter can modulate afferent input within these ...
... and its postsynaptic actions are often stymied by the myriad of actions that this neurotransmitter can produce. Thus, DA has been found to exert actions on the neurons it innervates both directly and via G-protein–coupled receptors. Moreover, this transmitter can modulate afferent input within these ...
The Spinal Cord
... Spinal Nerves • 31 pairs spinal nerves emerge thru intervertebral foramen • 8 pair cervical nerves: C1 – C8 • 12 pair thoracic nerves: T1 - T12 • 5 pair lumbar nerves: L1 – L5 • 5 pair sacral nerves: S1 – S5 • 1 pair coccygeal nerves: Co1 ...
... Spinal Nerves • 31 pairs spinal nerves emerge thru intervertebral foramen • 8 pair cervical nerves: C1 – C8 • 12 pair thoracic nerves: T1 - T12 • 5 pair lumbar nerves: L1 – L5 • 5 pair sacral nerves: S1 – S5 • 1 pair coccygeal nerves: Co1 ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.