Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... retrocerebral organ, a structure with an unknown putative sensory function [2]. The ventral ganglion is an elongate structure lying between the basement membrane and the epidermis. Two main connectives link it with the brain ganglia and two other nerve tracts continue caudally (Fig. 2A, B) [19,23]. ...
... retrocerebral organ, a structure with an unknown putative sensory function [2]. The ventral ganglion is an elongate structure lying between the basement membrane and the epidermis. Two main connectives link it with the brain ganglia and two other nerve tracts continue caudally (Fig. 2A, B) [19,23]. ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... arborizations and bouton formation (see Fig. 1). These “patches” have a high bouton density relative to the surrounding zone, and the density distribution therefore resembles a mountain-like landscape, where the mountain peaks indicate the regions of high bouton density, and the different regions ar ...
... arborizations and bouton formation (see Fig. 1). These “patches” have a high bouton density relative to the surrounding zone, and the density distribution therefore resembles a mountain-like landscape, where the mountain peaks indicate the regions of high bouton density, and the different regions ar ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... contains axons of neurons innervating the pleopod musculature and sensory axons; the second root contains axons innervating phasic and tonic extensor musculature and sensory axons; and the third root, which leaves the nerve cord several millimeters caudal to the ganglion, contains axons innervating ...
... contains axons of neurons innervating the pleopod musculature and sensory axons; the second root contains axons innervating phasic and tonic extensor musculature and sensory axons; and the third root, which leaves the nerve cord several millimeters caudal to the ganglion, contains axons innervating ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... these data, it is uncertain if the early signs of up-regulation of TH represent a trigger for full up-regulation of TH mRNA or whether continuous stimulation of these neurons is necessary to achieve high TH levels. Another peptide whose expression varies in TIDA neurons under nonlactating and lacta ...
... these data, it is uncertain if the early signs of up-regulation of TH represent a trigger for full up-regulation of TH mRNA or whether continuous stimulation of these neurons is necessary to achieve high TH levels. Another peptide whose expression varies in TIDA neurons under nonlactating and lacta ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... accompanied by damage to subcortical structures and it is conceivable that subcortical strvctures might be comprised even with less extensive lesions of the cortex. Walker’“” noted that, even when the lesions are clearly restricted to the cerebral cortex, the interpretation of retrograde studies usi ...
... accompanied by damage to subcortical structures and it is conceivable that subcortical strvctures might be comprised even with less extensive lesions of the cortex. Walker’“” noted that, even when the lesions are clearly restricted to the cerebral cortex, the interpretation of retrograde studies usi ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 40.1 Periodic activation in sleep cycles
... trigmenial motor nuclei; AHC, anterior horn cell. From Hobson et al. (2000). FIGURE 40.10 The Reciprocal Interaction (RI) Model (A) In the original RI model (Hobson et al., 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975), REM-on cholinergic neurons (Green triangle, solid line) both selfexcite and excite aminergic RE ...
... trigmenial motor nuclei; AHC, anterior horn cell. From Hobson et al. (2000). FIGURE 40.10 The Reciprocal Interaction (RI) Model (A) In the original RI model (Hobson et al., 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975), REM-on cholinergic neurons (Green triangle, solid line) both selfexcite and excite aminergic RE ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
... Conditional SQS/CaMKII-cre mutants were born at the expected mendelian ratio, were viable and fertile, and had a normal life span. Mutants could not be distinguished from littermate controls by physical examination and lacked neurological defects such as clasping, tremor, or convulsions. Nevertheles ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
... cortex with disorganized CR cells and aberrant cortical lamination (Ringstedt et al., 1998). During embryonic development, CR neurons express BDNF and NT4 along with their receptor TrkB (Fukumitsu et al., 1998), whereas GABAergic neurons only express TrkB (Gorba and Wahle, 1999). Both neuronal cell ...
Sensory Afferent Neurotransmission in Caudal Nucleus Tractus
... final common pathway for presynaptic modulation is via regulation of intracellular calcium and subsequent transmitter release. A key question to understanding the presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission between the sensory fiber and the NTS neuron is: what ion channels control transmitter re ...
... final common pathway for presynaptic modulation is via regulation of intracellular calcium and subsequent transmitter release. A key question to understanding the presynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission between the sensory fiber and the NTS neuron is: what ion channels control transmitter re ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
The Spinal Cord
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
Phosphorylated Tyr142 β-Catenin signaling in axon morphogenesis and centrosomal functions Deepshikha Bhardwaj
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
... Lleida officials, this acknowledgement would be incomplete. I would like to appreciate their ever-ready nature of helping students. I want to acknowledge the help received from other research groups during my Ph.D term, with a special mention for the “Segunda planta chicas” of IRB Leida (Christina ...
Document
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
N.L. Strominger et al. Cerebellum, in Noback`s Human
... and sensory input to the spinocerebellum. Purkinje cells, which form the middle layer, provide the only output from cerebellar cortex and are its final integrating unit. The dendritic tree begins at the apical end of the large gobletshaped soma (50–80 mm) and arborizes extensively in the molecular l ...
... and sensory input to the spinocerebellum. Purkinje cells, which form the middle layer, provide the only output from cerebellar cortex and are its final integrating unit. The dendritic tree begins at the apical end of the large gobletshaped soma (50–80 mm) and arborizes extensively in the molecular l ...
Posterior White Column
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
... • Origination of tract cells, similar to lamina IV, these tracts cells are also known as the Nucleus Proprius (e.g. spinal thalamic tract or anterolateral system; pain and temperature, some tactile) • Receives afferent input from dorsal roots and descending fibers, most importantly Corticospinal ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... mechanoreceptors because even weak mechanical stimulation of the skin induces them to produce action potentials. All low-threshold mechanoreceptors are innervated by relatively large myelinated axons (type Aβ; see Table 8.1), ensuring the rapid central transmission of tactile information. Meissner’s ...
... mechanoreceptors because even weak mechanical stimulation of the skin induces them to produce action potentials. All low-threshold mechanoreceptors are innervated by relatively large myelinated axons (type Aβ; see Table 8.1), ensuring the rapid central transmission of tactile information. Meissner’s ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... These volumes were large enough to insure that the measurements of neuron density were distributed normally (tests for kurtosis or skewness on randomly selected data sets were not statistically significant). For RA, systematic transits along the three cardinal axes did not reveal inhomogeneity in th ...
... These volumes were large enough to insure that the measurements of neuron density were distributed normally (tests for kurtosis or skewness on randomly selected data sets were not statistically significant). For RA, systematic transits along the three cardinal axes did not reveal inhomogeneity in th ...
189084_189084 - espace@Curtin
... objective of the confocal microscope. Noise reduction was achieved by median filtering (width=3), followed by the binarisation of the images based on a threshold value determined with the Otsu method (Otsu 1979). Single neurons were segmented using the 3D watershed algorithm (Malpica et al. 1997) an ...
... objective of the confocal microscope. Noise reduction was achieved by median filtering (width=3), followed by the binarisation of the images based on a threshold value determined with the Otsu method (Otsu 1979). Single neurons were segmented using the 3D watershed algorithm (Malpica et al. 1997) an ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
... • Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by ...
... • Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... (45, 46, 94), and can thereby influence neuronal phenotype (122, 145, 158, 167, 176). ...
... (45, 46, 94), and can thereby influence neuronal phenotype (122, 145, 158, 167, 176). ...
Chapter 21: Control and Coordination
... each other. How does an impulse move from one neuron to another? To move from one neuron to the next, an impulse crosses a small space called a synapse (SIH naps). In Figure 4, note that when an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical. This chemical flows across the synapse ...
... each other. How does an impulse move from one neuron to another? To move from one neuron to the next, an impulse crosses a small space called a synapse (SIH naps). In Figure 4, note that when an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical. This chemical flows across the synapse ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.