Synaptic Integration of Olfactory Information in Mouse Anterior
... synchrony with the breathing rhythm (⬃2–3 Hz) during some time periods. The membrane potential response of a typical AON cell to injected current pulses is shown in Figure 1 A. Subsequent intracellular staining with neurobiotin and post hoc visualization revealed that all (n ⫽ 32) of the AON neurons ...
... synchrony with the breathing rhythm (⬃2–3 Hz) during some time periods. The membrane potential response of a typical AON cell to injected current pulses is shown in Figure 1 A. Subsequent intracellular staining with neurobiotin and post hoc visualization revealed that all (n ⫽ 32) of the AON neurons ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... such as the seastar Pycnopodia helianthoides (Fig. 1a). The neural program underlying this behavior can be elicited by briefly stimulating any one of a number of peripheral nerves in the isolated brain preparation, indicating that the motor program is centrally generated, with little involvement of ...
... such as the seastar Pycnopodia helianthoides (Fig. 1a). The neural program underlying this behavior can be elicited by briefly stimulating any one of a number of peripheral nerves in the isolated brain preparation, indicating that the motor program is centrally generated, with little involvement of ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... All experiments were carried out according to protocols approved by the Stanford Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Fortyfour Sprague-Dawley rats aged P36-46 (P0 ⫽ date of birth) were used for in vitro recordings. Partially isolated islands of sensory-motor cortex (“undercuts”) were produc ...
... All experiments were carried out according to protocols approved by the Stanford Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Fortyfour Sprague-Dawley rats aged P36-46 (P0 ⫽ date of birth) were used for in vitro recordings. Partially isolated islands of sensory-motor cortex (“undercuts”) were produc ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... We propose that goal directed behavior is learned by associating states and actions that are separately represented by the population of neurons of individual minicolumns. A state is indicated by the perception of specific sensory stimuli or the perception of reward received, while an action is indic ...
... We propose that goal directed behavior is learned by associating states and actions that are separately represented by the population of neurons of individual minicolumns. A state is indicated by the perception of specific sensory stimuli or the perception of reward received, while an action is indic ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... The birds responded most intensely to S+, and their response rates decreased monotonically as stimuli became progressively dissimilar to S+; thereby, response rates provided a behavioral index of reward expectancy. We found that many NCL neurons’ responses were modulated in the stimulus discriminati ...
... The birds responded most intensely to S+, and their response rates decreased monotonically as stimuli became progressively dissimilar to S+; thereby, response rates provided a behavioral index of reward expectancy. We found that many NCL neurons’ responses were modulated in the stimulus discriminati ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... weakens inputs that fire shortly after a postsynaptic action potential and therefore do not contribute to evoking it. When presynaptic spikes occur randomly in time with respect to postsynaptic action potentials, both LTP and LTD can be induced, and it is interesting to ask which dominates. In the c ...
... weakens inputs that fire shortly after a postsynaptic action potential and therefore do not contribute to evoking it. When presynaptic spikes occur randomly in time with respect to postsynaptic action potentials, both LTP and LTD can be induced, and it is interesting to ask which dominates. In the c ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... that damages, destroys, or impairs the functioning of nerve tissue. In the U.S., the general population is exposed to various forms of mercury through inhalation, consumption of contaminated food or water, and exposure to substances containing mercury, such as vaccines. Different chemical types of m ...
... that damages, destroys, or impairs the functioning of nerve tissue. In the U.S., the general population is exposed to various forms of mercury through inhalation, consumption of contaminated food or water, and exposure to substances containing mercury, such as vaccines. Different chemical types of m ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
... Before embarking on a discussion of glia–neuron interactions, it is important to define each cell type. This is no small matter, since valid comparisons of glia–neuron interactions across diVerent species rest on the assumption that ...
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... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... strength of voltage-dependent calcium currents, 0 is the constant for diffusion of intracellular calcium, and 0, is the threshold for activation of voltage-dependent calcium currents. Note that these equations describe just the intrinsic properties of an individual neuron, neglecting the terms for s ...
... strength of voltage-dependent calcium currents, 0 is the constant for diffusion of intracellular calcium, and 0, is the threshold for activation of voltage-dependent calcium currents. Note that these equations describe just the intrinsic properties of an individual neuron, neglecting the terms for s ...
Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth in human
... culture models as tools for efficient identification and prioritization of chemicals that may be hazardous to humans (NRC, 2007; Coecke et al., 2007; Lein et al., 2005). Specifically, a report by the National Academy of Sciences entitled ‘Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy’ e ...
... culture models as tools for efficient identification and prioritization of chemicals that may be hazardous to humans (NRC, 2007; Coecke et al., 2007; Lein et al., 2005). Specifically, a report by the National Academy of Sciences entitled ‘Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy’ e ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... distances that neurons must migrate becomes progressively longer, and in the case of the primate brain can reach distances up to 7 mm [1]. Studies of granule cell migration in the developing cerebellum have provided insights into some of the mechanisms of neuronal migration [2–4]. Recently, with the ...
... distances that neurons must migrate becomes progressively longer, and in the case of the primate brain can reach distances up to 7 mm [1]. Studies of granule cell migration in the developing cerebellum have provided insights into some of the mechanisms of neuronal migration [2–4]. Recently, with the ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... cells was used. Step duration was 500 ms, and the steps were delivered with an interval of 2 s. Cells where the series resistance (Rs) varied more than 20% during the experiments were discarded; there was no compensation for the Rs before recording was started. Multiclamp and pClamp software (Molecu ...
... cells was used. Step duration was 500 ms, and the steps were delivered with an interval of 2 s. Cells where the series resistance (Rs) varied more than 20% during the experiments were discarded; there was no compensation for the Rs before recording was started. Multiclamp and pClamp software (Molecu ...
Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... The mesolimbic reward pathway arising from dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been strongly implicated in reward processing and drug abuse. In rodents, behaviors associated with this projection are profoundly influenced by an orexinergic input from the lateral hypothal ...
... The mesolimbic reward pathway arising from dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been strongly implicated in reward processing and drug abuse. In rodents, behaviors associated with this projection are profoundly influenced by an orexinergic input from the lateral hypothal ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
... Sensory information is encoded with sparse spiking in rodent sensory cortex, but the organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize fu ...
... Sensory information is encoded with sparse spiking in rodent sensory cortex, but the organization and functional basis of this sparse code is not well understood. I conducted two studies to characterize fu ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... Hao, Jing-Xia, Ron C. Kupers, and Xiao-Jun Xu. Response characteristics of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats after spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 92: 1391–1399, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00121.2004. The physiological mechanisms of chronic pain in patients with spinal cord injury ( ...
... Hao, Jing-Xia, Ron C. Kupers, and Xiao-Jun Xu. Response characteristics of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats after spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 92: 1391–1399, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00121.2004. The physiological mechanisms of chronic pain in patients with spinal cord injury ( ...
Neuropathological Characteristics of Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
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... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
The Living World - Chapter 28 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... All neurons have the same basic structure Cell body – Enlarged part containing the nucleus ...
... All neurons have the same basic structure Cell body – Enlarged part containing the nucleus ...
19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. The output from the olfactory bulbs project via the olfactory tracts to both the ipsi- & contralateral olfactory regions of the cortex. ...
... • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. The output from the olfactory bulbs project via the olfactory tracts to both the ipsi- & contralateral olfactory regions of the cortex. ...
MS-SCI-LS-Unit 4 -- Chapter 15- Nervous System
... dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites carry impulses toward the neuron's cell body. The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Find the dendrites and axon in Figure 2. Nerve impulses begin in a dendrite, next move toward the cell body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dend ...
... dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites carry impulses toward the neuron's cell body. The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Find the dendrites and axon in Figure 2. Nerve impulses begin in a dendrite, next move toward the cell body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dend ...
Neurons in the dorsal column nuclei of the rat emit a moderate
... systems also emit ipsilateral connections. An ipsilateral spinothalamic tract was reported in the rat (Burstein et al. 1990; Usunoff et al. 1999), and clinical observations indicate that ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons exist also in humans (reviewed by Nathan et al. 2001). In the rat, ...
... systems also emit ipsilateral connections. An ipsilateral spinothalamic tract was reported in the rat (Burstein et al. 1990; Usunoff et al. 1999), and clinical observations indicate that ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons exist also in humans (reviewed by Nathan et al. 2001). In the rat, ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.