A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... noxious heat and mechanical stimulation in rats with sciatic nerve loose ligation [7]. Our recent study demonstrated that the discharge frequency of the WDR neuron decreased significantly after the administration of galanin in intact rats (unpublished data). The present study demonstrated that the d ...
... noxious heat and mechanical stimulation in rats with sciatic nerve loose ligation [7]. Our recent study demonstrated that the discharge frequency of the WDR neuron decreased significantly after the administration of galanin in intact rats (unpublished data). The present study demonstrated that the d ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... (cat, Jordan & Spyer 1986; Mifflin 1992, 1993; rat, Paton et al. 2001). However, one of the two main groups of medullary respiratory neurons is located in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the NTS, a region that does appear to receive a significant innervation by chemoreceptor afferents. A limited num ...
... (cat, Jordan & Spyer 1986; Mifflin 1992, 1993; rat, Paton et al. 2001). However, one of the two main groups of medullary respiratory neurons is located in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the NTS, a region that does appear to receive a significant innervation by chemoreceptor afferents. A limited num ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma 12.00 mm. Higher-magnification images show neuronal bodies and neurites in the DMnX and nucleus ambiguus. Scale bar, 50 mm. C‐E. A representative section of the ...
... Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma 12.00 mm. Higher-magnification images show neuronal bodies and neurites in the DMnX and nucleus ambiguus. Scale bar, 50 mm. C‐E. A representative section of the ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... on a metal plate (3 3 3 cm) fixed to the table at a distance of 34 cm from the center of the starting point. A container (identical to the one used in the motor task) was fixed at a distance of 14 cm to the left or to the right of the target. The container was present only when grasp-toplace trials w ...
... on a metal plate (3 3 3 cm) fixed to the table at a distance of 34 cm from the center of the starting point. A container (identical to the one used in the motor task) was fixed at a distance of 14 cm to the left or to the right of the target. The container was present only when grasp-toplace trials w ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... small piece of food with its hand (E) or its mouth (F). Note that also the motor response, as the visual response, began during the approaching phase of grasping and peaked when the hand or the mouth closed on the food. Figure 2 shows an example of a neuron (Unit 102) selective for the observation o ...
... small piece of food with its hand (E) or its mouth (F). Note that also the motor response, as the visual response, began during the approaching phase of grasping and peaked when the hand or the mouth closed on the food. Figure 2 shows an example of a neuron (Unit 102) selective for the observation o ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... drilled into the skull to allow access to the left rostral pons. The distal end of the endotracheal tube was attached to a flow of humidified 100% oxygen via a “Y” connector. Breathing caused the rate of gas flow to fluctuate and these changes were measured by a Fleisch pneumograph with a P T5B pres ...
... drilled into the skull to allow access to the left rostral pons. The distal end of the endotracheal tube was attached to a flow of humidified 100% oxygen via a “Y” connector. Breathing caused the rate of gas flow to fluctuate and these changes were measured by a Fleisch pneumograph with a P T5B pres ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... Keywords: in vivo imaging, New World monkey, premotor cortex, primate, superior temporal sulcus ...
... Keywords: in vivo imaging, New World monkey, premotor cortex, primate, superior temporal sulcus ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, and this has led to some researchers emphasizing the similarities whereas others focus on the differences. In general, despite of ...
... humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, and this has led to some researchers emphasizing the similarities whereas others focus on the differences. In general, despite of ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 (Soechting et al., 1992), and area 5 (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985). We have searched evidence for coherent representations of movement and posture in ...
... Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 (Soechting et al., 1992), and area 5 (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985). We have searched evidence for coherent representations of movement and posture in ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... motoneurons (Baldelli and others 1999). These channel types are known to contribute to fast synaptic transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small ce ...
... motoneurons (Baldelli and others 1999). These channel types are known to contribute to fast synaptic transmission at excitatory hippocampal synapses (Gasparini and others 2001). Taken together, these observations suggest that Ca2+ channels known to be involved in neurotransmitter release at small ce ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... important role in learning and memory in mammals, including the mouse and man. One famous example is the case of HM. In this case, most of the hippocampus of the patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery, early memories were normal and there was no impairment of personality or ...
... important role in learning and memory in mammals, including the mouse and man. One famous example is the case of HM. In this case, most of the hippocampus of the patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery, early memories were normal and there was no impairment of personality or ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... animal was required to move to within ⫾8° of the target within 2 s of the movement trigger. On target acquisition, both LEDs were turned off. At the completion of a fixed 500 ms hold period in the instructed target window, a liquid reward was delivered. Following reward delivery, the animal usually ...
... animal was required to move to within ⫾8° of the target within 2 s of the movement trigger. On target acquisition, both LEDs were turned off. At the completion of a fixed 500 ms hold period in the instructed target window, a liquid reward was delivered. Following reward delivery, the animal usually ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... units referred to as onset-choppers (Rhode and Smith, 1986). Onset-chopper units are broadly tuned (Rhode and Smith, 1986; Winter and Palmer, 1995; Jiang et al., 1996; Palmer et al., 1996) and they appear to send a collateral axon to the DCN (Smith and Rhode, 1989). They have a multipolar/stellate c ...
... units referred to as onset-choppers (Rhode and Smith, 1986). Onset-chopper units are broadly tuned (Rhode and Smith, 1986; Winter and Palmer, 1995; Jiang et al., 1996; Palmer et al., 1996) and they appear to send a collateral axon to the DCN (Smith and Rhode, 1989). They have a multipolar/stellate c ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... However, perfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with mAEA did not change significantly histamine release from the perirhinal cortex (Passani et al., 2007; Table 1) despite the profuse histaminergic innervation of this region (Panula et al., 1989) and the presence of histaminergic receptors (Pillot ...
... However, perfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with mAEA did not change significantly histamine release from the perirhinal cortex (Passani et al., 2007; Table 1) despite the profuse histaminergic innervation of this region (Panula et al., 1989) and the presence of histaminergic receptors (Pillot ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... FIGURE 2 | Schematic summary of synaptic terminals types and their arrangements in the dorsal thalamus. Class I axons (Guillery, 1966) form small terminals with round vesicles (RS; Guillery, 1969) that are defined as modulators (Sherman and Guillery, 1998). RS terminals that originate from cortex la ...
... FIGURE 2 | Schematic summary of synaptic terminals types and their arrangements in the dorsal thalamus. Class I axons (Guillery, 1966) form small terminals with round vesicles (RS; Guillery, 1969) that are defined as modulators (Sherman and Guillery, 1998). RS terminals that originate from cortex la ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... homogenized by probe sonication. The homogenate was spun for 5 min at 15,000 x g, and the supematant wassaved.The pelletwaswashed in an additional 500 ~1 of extraction medium. The pooled supematants were dried under vacuum at 60°C. The dried supematant was dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water and lo ...
... homogenized by probe sonication. The homogenate was spun for 5 min at 15,000 x g, and the supematant wassaved.The pelletwaswashed in an additional 500 ~1 of extraction medium. The pooled supematants were dried under vacuum at 60°C. The dried supematant was dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water and lo ...
Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) created by Dr. Wylie Vale (31). This antiserum has cused initially on the concordance of native peptide ...
... pattern of the peptide in adult mouse Because of the crucial role of hypothalamic CRH in We employed here the antihuman/rat CRH serum initiating the neuroendocrine response to stress, we fo(rC68) created by Dr. Wylie Vale (31). This antiserum has cused initially on the concordance of native peptide ...
L-E Chap 6 2016
... Many collateral branches entering the gray matter of the spinal cord • Some collaterals that contribute to motor control, some that influence activity in neurons in other sensory systems, and others that influence autonomic regulation ...
... Many collateral branches entering the gray matter of the spinal cord • Some collaterals that contribute to motor control, some that influence activity in neurons in other sensory systems, and others that influence autonomic regulation ...
Evidence of sympathetic ®bers in the male rat pelvic nerve
... arrangement of the neural supply of the pelvic organs and distal colon seems to be generally applicable to all mammalian species investigated thus far, including man.6 In the male rat, pelvic neuroanatomy has been previously described and appears simpler when compared to larger species.13±16 In this ...
... arrangement of the neural supply of the pelvic organs and distal colon seems to be generally applicable to all mammalian species investigated thus far, including man.6 In the male rat, pelvic neuroanatomy has been previously described and appears simpler when compared to larger species.13±16 In this ...
Word - The Open University
... especially in behaviour, arise during development. Development, the transformation of the single cell, the zygote, into an adult organism with billions of cells, numerous organs and an intricate, functioning nervous system, is one of the most remarkable feats of living systems. The process begins wh ...
... especially in behaviour, arise during development. Development, the transformation of the single cell, the zygote, into an adult organism with billions of cells, numerous organs and an intricate, functioning nervous system, is one of the most remarkable feats of living systems. The process begins wh ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... of the branches of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the ...
... of the branches of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... lateral horns of gray matter, or gray columns (see Figure 13-6). They consist predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. White matter surrounding the gray matter is subdivided in each half of the cord into three columns (or funiculi): the anterior, posterior, and lateral white c ...
... lateral horns of gray matter, or gray columns (see Figure 13-6). They consist predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. White matter surrounding the gray matter is subdivided in each half of the cord into three columns (or funiculi): the anterior, posterior, and lateral white c ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.