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... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... lateral horns of gray matter, or gray columns (see Figure 13-6). They consist predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. White matter surrounding the gray matter is subdivided in each half of the cord into three columns (or funiculi): the anterior, posterior, and lateral white c ...
... lateral horns of gray matter, or gray columns (see Figure 13-6). They consist predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. White matter surrounding the gray matter is subdivided in each half of the cord into three columns (or funiculi): the anterior, posterior, and lateral white c ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... trunks. Neural pathway characteristic of tetanus toxin, polio virus, rabies and others. The input gate for the tetanus toxin is mionevralny synapse, where toxin acts on the motor fibers in the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. In the CNS, the toxins (tetanus), viruses, antibodies to nerve tissu ...
... trunks. Neural pathway characteristic of tetanus toxin, polio virus, rabies and others. The input gate for the tetanus toxin is mionevralny synapse, where toxin acts on the motor fibers in the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. In the CNS, the toxins (tetanus), viruses, antibodies to nerve tissu ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
Olfactory System Anatomy
... the base of the anterior nasal septum, at the junction of the septal cartilage and the bony septum. It is believed to detect external chemical signals called pheromones. These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and en ...
... the base of the anterior nasal septum, at the junction of the septal cartilage and the bony septum. It is believed to detect external chemical signals called pheromones. These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and en ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... behaviours2. The motor cortex has important roles in learning motor skills3–6, but its function in learning sensorimotor associations is unknown. The neural circuits underlying sensorimotor integration are beginning to be mapped. Different motor cortex layers harbour excitatory neurons with distinct ...
... behaviours2. The motor cortex has important roles in learning motor skills3–6, but its function in learning sensorimotor associations is unknown. The neural circuits underlying sensorimotor integration are beginning to be mapped. Different motor cortex layers harbour excitatory neurons with distinct ...
GANGLION
... OF SYMPATHETIC VS. PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS Sympathetic system reaches virtually all parts of the body (with the rare exception of such avascular tissues as cartilage and nails). ...
... OF SYMPATHETIC VS. PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS Sympathetic system reaches virtually all parts of the body (with the rare exception of such avascular tissues as cartilage and nails). ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... Functional maps across neurons constitute a common design principle in various regions of the central nervous system. These topographic maps are systematic and continuous spatial representations of information within a brain region, where adjacent neurons represent adjacent points along a parametric ...
... Functional maps across neurons constitute a common design principle in various regions of the central nervous system. These topographic maps are systematic and continuous spatial representations of information within a brain region, where adjacent neurons represent adjacent points along a parametric ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... ⫻100 –500. The output of this device was further amplified (⫻50 – 200) and filtered (band width 100 Hz to 2 kHz) by means of an optically isolated amplifier (Applied Microelectronics Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada). The amplified neuronal signals, together with the cardiovascular signals, were digit ...
... ⫻100 –500. The output of this device was further amplified (⫻50 – 200) and filtered (band width 100 Hz to 2 kHz) by means of an optically isolated amplifier (Applied Microelectronics Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada). The amplified neuronal signals, together with the cardiovascular signals, were digit ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... projection of nucleocortical MFs with unique molecular and morphological feaaxonal labeling within and outside of cerebellum (Figures 1E–1J tures and suggest that they carry an efference copy signal of and S2). Within the cerebellar cortex, axonal terminals were cerebellar premotor output commands. ...
... projection of nucleocortical MFs with unique molecular and morphological feaaxonal labeling within and outside of cerebellum (Figures 1E–1J tures and suggest that they carry an efference copy signal of and S2). Within the cerebellar cortex, axonal terminals were cerebellar premotor output commands. ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain s o n s terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spher ...
... neurons; the fibrodendritic plexus forms laminae in the lateral part along which midbrain s o n s terminate. A smaller, possibly intrinsic, neuron with thin, sparse dendrites is rarely impregnated. Neurons in the larger, medial part, which represents frequencies of 60 kHz and higher, have more spher ...
2 m – 32. Autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system
... Giving definition: an autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system), parts, features, objects innervation. Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of t ...
... Giving definition: an autonomous part of the peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system), parts, features, objects innervation. Treat morphological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Identify and demonstrate on the preparations of t ...
Trigeminal Ganglion Cell Processes Are
... of the whiskers is transferred to afferent arbors and their target cells along the entire trigeminal neuraxis leading to the neocortex. In this study, we present evidence of an orderly patterning in the early outgrowth of trigeminal ganglion cell processes; this intrinsic spatial organization may pr ...
... of the whiskers is transferred to afferent arbors and their target cells along the entire trigeminal neuraxis leading to the neocortex. In this study, we present evidence of an orderly patterning in the early outgrowth of trigeminal ganglion cell processes; this intrinsic spatial organization may pr ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... glomeruli provides further evidence that the pattern of piriform projections does not differ for each of the distinct glomerulus types. Thus, the mitral cells innervating an individual glomerulus discard the insular and invariant spatial segregation of the bulb and project dense, dispersed axons to ...
... glomeruli provides further evidence that the pattern of piriform projections does not differ for each of the distinct glomerulus types. Thus, the mitral cells innervating an individual glomerulus discard the insular and invariant spatial segregation of the bulb and project dense, dispersed axons to ...
aeb0119e8005b64
... the cribriform plate, which resides on the roof of the nasal cavity. These fascicles are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system, as it is derived fro ...
... the cribriform plate, which resides on the roof of the nasal cavity. These fascicles are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system, as it is derived fro ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... in non-human primates and the hippocampus [15] in humans. There is much evidence that an observation/execution mechanism, demonstrated with electrophysiological (electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) and brain imaging (positron emissi ...
... in non-human primates and the hippocampus [15] in humans. There is much evidence that an observation/execution mechanism, demonstrated with electrophysiological (electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) and brain imaging (positron emissi ...
Weber et al. - 2000
... left. The two ventral layers (Fig. 2A, layers 1, 2) are the Mlayers, and the four dorsal layers (Fig. 2A, layers 3 through 6) are the P-layers. The LGN shown in Figure 2B is from animal M81102 (2.5 weeks, 46 mm Hg). Although at the time of death the optic nerve head was deeply cupped and the tempora ...
... left. The two ventral layers (Fig. 2A, layers 1, 2) are the Mlayers, and the four dorsal layers (Fig. 2A, layers 3 through 6) are the P-layers. The LGN shown in Figure 2B is from animal M81102 (2.5 weeks, 46 mm Hg). Although at the time of death the optic nerve head was deeply cupped and the tempora ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... Germany) and served for continuous observation of the experimental animals. Furthermore, the output of a microphone (ME 64 ⫹ K6; Sennheiser, Wedemark, Germany) placed in the animal room was sent via a microphone preamplifier (Audio Buddy; M-Audio, Oehringen, Germany), an audio amplifier (NL 120; Dig ...
... Germany) and served for continuous observation of the experimental animals. Furthermore, the output of a microphone (ME 64 ⫹ K6; Sennheiser, Wedemark, Germany) placed in the animal room was sent via a microphone preamplifier (Audio Buddy; M-Audio, Oehringen, Germany), an audio amplifier (NL 120; Dig ...
Control and Coordination
... There are three types of neurons that work together. They send and receive information throughout your body. Sensory neurons send information about your environment to your brain or spinal cord. Motor neurons send information from your brain or spinal cord to tissues and organs in your body. Interne ...
... There are three types of neurons that work together. They send and receive information throughout your body. Sensory neurons send information about your environment to your brain or spinal cord. Motor neurons send information from your brain or spinal cord to tissues and organs in your body. Interne ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.