19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. The output from the olfactory bulbs project via the olfactory tracts to both the ipsi- & contralateral olfactory regions of the cortex. ...
... • The bipolar olfactory cells are linked to the olfactory bulb via short axons. The output from the olfactory bulbs project via the olfactory tracts to both the ipsi- & contralateral olfactory regions of the cortex. ...
Segundo trabajo
... 1996; Treanor et al., 1996; Trupp et al., 1996) is an important component in the signaling cascade activated by members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, a group of structurally and functionally related polypeptides. This receptor is activated only if GDNF ligands are ...
... 1996; Treanor et al., 1996; Trupp et al., 1996) is an important component in the signaling cascade activated by members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, a group of structurally and functionally related polypeptides. This receptor is activated only if GDNF ligands are ...
Bruenech, R., Ruskell, G., "Myotendinous Nerve Endings in Human
... imposed by the surrounding connective tissue, particularly the numerous elastic fibers (Fig. 8). The intervaricose axons and most varicosities had a Schwann cell investment but occasionally the varicosities were exposed to the surrounding tissues, separated from them by the basal lamina alone. Where ...
... imposed by the surrounding connective tissue, particularly the numerous elastic fibers (Fig. 8). The intervaricose axons and most varicosities had a Schwann cell investment but occasionally the varicosities were exposed to the surrounding tissues, separated from them by the basal lamina alone. Where ...
Read as PDF
... innervation of chemosensory epithelia suggested neuromodulatory regulation of chemosensory pathways by central elements. In the present work, we describe 5-HT immunoreactivity in the CNS of Pleurobranchaea and Tritonia. We undertook this study to identify putative serotonergic neurons in Pleurobranc ...
... innervation of chemosensory epithelia suggested neuromodulatory regulation of chemosensory pathways by central elements. In the present work, we describe 5-HT immunoreactivity in the CNS of Pleurobranchaea and Tritonia. We undertook this study to identify putative serotonergic neurons in Pleurobranc ...
Article
... Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and can last for a long period (over hundreds of milliseconds to seconds) compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each ...
... Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and can last for a long period (over hundreds of milliseconds to seconds) compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrogra ...
... of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrogra ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... [63,100]. This view has partly been challenged by the demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also pres ...
... [63,100]. This view has partly been challenged by the demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also pres ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... contributions from leakage Na ⫹ and leakage C l ⫺ currents. (The K ⫹ leak current is explicitly represented as a separate current.) One may also view synaptic background activation with slow kinetics (e.g., NMDA and GABAB ) as part of the leakage current. Note that because the K ⫹ current is represe ...
... contributions from leakage Na ⫹ and leakage C l ⫺ currents. (The K ⫹ leak current is explicitly represented as a separate current.) One may also view synaptic background activation with slow kinetics (e.g., NMDA and GABAB ) as part of the leakage current. Note that because the K ⫹ current is represe ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... patch-clamp recording in the somatosensory cortex of rat brain slices. A: schematic representation of the experimental set-up. B: schematic representation of the recording and stimulation geometry [the diameter of the ultraviolet (UV) spots not to scale]. Montage of photographs of an infrared (IR) v ...
... patch-clamp recording in the somatosensory cortex of rat brain slices. A: schematic representation of the experimental set-up. B: schematic representation of the recording and stimulation geometry [the diameter of the ultraviolet (UV) spots not to scale]. Montage of photographs of an infrared (IR) v ...
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
... Figure 32-4 The amino acid sequences of odorant receptors are extremely diverse. A. A typical odorant receptor (I15) is shown in its presumed configuration in the membrane, with seven hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains. Each amino acid is represented by a ball. B. Odorant receptors are extremely ...
... Figure 32-4 The amino acid sequences of odorant receptors are extremely diverse. A. A typical odorant receptor (I15) is shown in its presumed configuration in the membrane, with seven hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains. Each amino acid is represented by a ball. B. Odorant receptors are extremely ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... Attempts to define the specific contributions of each retinoid source to LMC subtype specification and LMC maintenance have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ...
... Attempts to define the specific contributions of each retinoid source to LMC subtype specification and LMC maintenance have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory lobe, which is organized into dense substructures called glomeruli. As is typica ...
... such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory lobe, which is organized into dense substructures called glomeruli. As is typica ...
Table of Contents
... – Glia – structural support and insulation – Neurons – communication – Soma – cell body – Dendrites – receive – Axon – transmit away ...
... – Glia – structural support and insulation – Neurons – communication – Soma – cell body – Dendrites – receive – Axon – transmit away ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... 100 microns long, a tenth of its final length. However some changes in overall structure do occur by intercalary insertion; an example is the conversion of an initially bipolar cell to one that is pseudo-monopolar, by retraction of the cell body away from the branch (Kuwada, 1986 and with ventral ne ...
... 100 microns long, a tenth of its final length. However some changes in overall structure do occur by intercalary insertion; an example is the conversion of an initially bipolar cell to one that is pseudo-monopolar, by retraction of the cell body away from the branch (Kuwada, 1986 and with ventral ne ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... signals, together with the cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal to noise ratio ...
... signals, together with the cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal to noise ratio ...
empathize with fictional characters
... we performed (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004). These cells may enable our capacity to put ourselves into somebody else’s shoes. At the beginning of the last century, Theodor Lipps proposed a concept of empathy, or Einfuhlung, according to which we achieve the ability to share and understand the emoti ...
... we performed (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004). These cells may enable our capacity to put ourselves into somebody else’s shoes. At the beginning of the last century, Theodor Lipps proposed a concept of empathy, or Einfuhlung, according to which we achieve the ability to share and understand the emoti ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
Developmental organization of the mushroom bodies of Thermobia
... Another shared feature is the mushroom body calyx, composed of Kenyon cell dendrites and receiving input from primary sensory neuropils, particularly from the antennal lobe via the inner antennocerebral tract (iACT; Mobbs 1982; Ito et al. 1998; Li and Strausfeld 1999; Gronenberg 2001; Ehmer and Gron ...
... Another shared feature is the mushroom body calyx, composed of Kenyon cell dendrites and receiving input from primary sensory neuropils, particularly from the antennal lobe via the inner antennocerebral tract (iACT; Mobbs 1982; Ito et al. 1998; Li and Strausfeld 1999; Gronenberg 2001; Ehmer and Gron ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... release [50] even at the level of single-synaptic stimulations [3]. Assorted calcium fluctuations have been liveimaged within single in vivo astrocytes including calcium oscillations in the soma, main branches, and within microdomains in the neuropil during the startle response [51]. Some calcium sp ...
... release [50] even at the level of single-synaptic stimulations [3]. Assorted calcium fluctuations have been liveimaged within single in vivo astrocytes including calcium oscillations in the soma, main branches, and within microdomains in the neuropil during the startle response [51]. Some calcium sp ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... Before reviewing neurophysiological data on action recognition and discussing related models, it is important to stress that actions made by other individuals fall into two main categories. One category is constituted by actions that are present in the motor repertoire of the observers, and the othe ...
... Before reviewing neurophysiological data on action recognition and discussing related models, it is important to stress that actions made by other individuals fall into two main categories. One category is constituted by actions that are present in the motor repertoire of the observers, and the othe ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... from the eyes, and subtended visual angle of 64 × 44°. A 0.5° square spot served as a visual stimulus. Targets of different colors (white, red, green, and blue) were used for different means in each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizon ...
... from the eyes, and subtended visual angle of 64 × 44°. A 0.5° square spot served as a visual stimulus. Targets of different colors (white, red, green, and blue) were used for different means in each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizon ...
Axon
.svg?width=300)
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.