Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However, it is our belief that inhibition also plays an important role in population coding, stabilising the mean field potential and greatly improving the a ...
... similar inputs, where such inputs would otherwise invoke nearly the same response in neurons with only slightly different response properties. However, it is our belief that inhibition also plays an important role in population coding, stabilising the mean field potential and greatly improving the a ...
chapt13_lectureS
... Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) ...
... Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... regions of posterior neocortex and striatum and is rarely observed in thalamus. Because terminal-like staining occurs frequently in the olfactory bulb and sometimes in the hippocampus of control animals, the possibility of MDMAinduced injury in these regions cannot be excluded. However, the alterati ...
... regions of posterior neocortex and striatum and is rarely observed in thalamus. Because terminal-like staining occurs frequently in the olfactory bulb and sometimes in the hippocampus of control animals, the possibility of MDMAinduced injury in these regions cannot be excluded. However, the alterati ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... from the hand field of the F1 area (primary motor cortex) were recorded, the thinking being that if the observation of the experimenter's actions would trigger some comparable movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neu ...
... from the hand field of the F1 area (primary motor cortex) were recorded, the thinking being that if the observation of the experimenter's actions would trigger some comparable movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neu ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representat ...
... behavior of the animal and a reinforcing outcome (independently of behavior). Several psychological processes contribute to learning and instrumental performance (Dickinson, 1994). Behavior of humans and animals is often goal directed and can be flexibly modulated by motivation. Flexible representat ...
chapt13_lecture
... Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) ...
... Epineurium Perineurium Unmyelinated nerve fibers Myelinated nerve fibers (a) ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
... Ion trafficking across biological membranes is mediated by channels and transporters, and these two types of molecules form the basis of electrical signaling in the nervous system. However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... and use vision to guide behavior (Singer 1979, 1982; Singer et al. 1982), prompting the idea that experience-dependent modifications in neocortex depend on the presence of “gating” signals, which convey information about the behavioral state of the animal (Singer 1979). The neural substrate of these ...
... and use vision to guide behavior (Singer 1979, 1982; Singer et al. 1982), prompting the idea that experience-dependent modifications in neocortex depend on the presence of “gating” signals, which convey information about the behavioral state of the animal (Singer 1979). The neural substrate of these ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... unfortunately, not reliable (see Butcher, 1978; Fibiger, 1982), efforts have been concentrated in a number of laboratories on immunohistochemical detection methods for ChAT. Studies of this nature have given rise to a good deal of controversy centering around the purity of the ChAT preparations used ...
... unfortunately, not reliable (see Butcher, 1978; Fibiger, 1982), efforts have been concentrated in a number of laboratories on immunohistochemical detection methods for ChAT. Studies of this nature have given rise to a good deal of controversy centering around the purity of the ChAT preparations used ...
The Nervous System
... outside the body and convey information about these conditions to neurons inside the CNS. • Motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to such structures as muscles or glands. • Interneurons are located entirely within the CNS and which interconnect other neurons. ...
... outside the body and convey information about these conditions to neurons inside the CNS. • Motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to such structures as muscles or glands. • Interneurons are located entirely within the CNS and which interconnect other neurons. ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
... • Afferent fibers to the superior colliculus are coming from occipital lobe. Corticotectal fibers come from visual cortex of occipital lobe and an area in front lobe, called frontal eye field, make up the most of superior brachium ipsilaterally. • Efferent fibers from superior colliculus are then di ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
Exercise 15: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end The cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column – so a group of nerves leaves the inferior spinal cord and extends downward. It resembles a horses tail and is ...
... • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end The cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column – so a group of nerves leaves the inferior spinal cord and extends downward. It resembles a horses tail and is ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... One of the most common physical signs seen in SAH patients is the abnormalities of pupil diameters. Once the blood leaks into the subarachnoid space, it causes microembolisms and vasospasm of the vascular feeding structures surrounding the roots of oculomotor nerve. These vascular changes damage bot ...
... One of the most common physical signs seen in SAH patients is the abnormalities of pupil diameters. Once the blood leaks into the subarachnoid space, it causes microembolisms and vasospasm of the vascular feeding structures surrounding the roots of oculomotor nerve. These vascular changes damage bot ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... of the targets [the low value (LV) targets] turned red. The other one [the gyral, ACC (Rudebeck et al., 2006a)], and rostral to the cingulate motor high value (HV) target] turned one of six colors: dark gray, light gray, areas (Shima et al., 1991; Shima and Tanji, 1998). Additional details on orange ...
... of the targets [the low value (LV) targets] turned red. The other one [the gyral, ACC (Rudebeck et al., 2006a)], and rostral to the cingulate motor high value (HV) target] turned one of six colors: dark gray, light gray, areas (Shima et al., 1991; Shima and Tanji, 1998). Additional details on orange ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllength mouse ATP13A2 transiently expressed in HEK-293T cells using shRNA constructs targeting rodent ATP13A2 but not with a non-silencing control shRNA (Fig. 4A). We also demonstrate the using an ATP13 ...
... validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllength mouse ATP13A2 transiently expressed in HEK-293T cells using shRNA constructs targeting rodent ATP13A2 but not with a non-silencing control shRNA (Fig. 4A). We also demonstrate the using an ATP13 ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... and Ganglia • Spinal cord communicates with the rest of the body by way of spinal nerves • Nerve—a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue – Mixed nerves contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers ...
... and Ganglia • Spinal cord communicates with the rest of the body by way of spinal nerves • Nerve—a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue – Mixed nerves contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers ...
Neurons in red nucleus and primary motor cortex exhibit similar
... joint-torque space. Directional tuning features were calculated with the plate method, which describes several features of directional tuning without assuming an underlying tuning function (Gribble and Scott, 2002). This method characterizes the ‘‘mass distribution’’ of torque-related activity by as ...
... joint-torque space. Directional tuning features were calculated with the plate method, which describes several features of directional tuning without assuming an underlying tuning function (Gribble and Scott, 2002). This method characterizes the ‘‘mass distribution’’ of torque-related activity by as ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... H. NAKANISHI,*‡ A. TAMURA,† K. KAWAI† and K. YAMAMOTO* *Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan †Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan Abstract––We studied sequential changes in electrophysiological profile ...
... H. NAKANISHI,*‡ A. TAMURA,† K. KAWAI† and K. YAMAMOTO* *Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan †Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 173, Japan Abstract––We studied sequential changes in electrophysiological profile ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... grip', i.e. opposition of the index finger and thumb. This grip was evoked by small objects, (ii) 'Finger prehension', i.e. opposition of the thumb to the other fingers. The monkeys used finger prehension to pick up middle-size objects from a deep narrow container, (iii) 'Whole hand prehension', i.e ...
... grip', i.e. opposition of the index finger and thumb. This grip was evoked by small objects, (ii) 'Finger prehension', i.e. opposition of the thumb to the other fingers. The monkeys used finger prehension to pick up middle-size objects from a deep narrow container, (iii) 'Whole hand prehension', i.e ...
the koniocellular pathway in primate vision
... As recently as five years ago, only the K layers of bushbabies were well studied and well understood. In studies conducted by Casagrande and her colleagues, the aggregation of K cells into two wide layers was exploited to determine the connectional and physiological properties of these neurons (Casa ...
... As recently as five years ago, only the K layers of bushbabies were well studied and well understood. In studies conducted by Casagrande and her colleagues, the aggregation of K cells into two wide layers was exploited to determine the connectional and physiological properties of these neurons (Casa ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... The sensory signal activates divergent polysynaptic reflex pathways. One excites motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles of the stimulated limb, whereas another inhibits motor neurons that innervate the limb’s extensor muscles (Figure 35–2A). Excitation of one group of muscles and inhibition of ...
... The sensory signal activates divergent polysynaptic reflex pathways. One excites motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles of the stimulated limb, whereas another inhibits motor neurons that innervate the limb’s extensor muscles (Figure 35–2A). Excitation of one group of muscles and inhibition of ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... eventually moves into a regime where the average synaptic current is either barely able or unable to make the postsynaptic neuron fire. In this case, action potentials are primarily generated by chance clusterings in the timing of presynaptic spikes26. The neuron acts somewhat like a coincidence det ...
... eventually moves into a regime where the average synaptic current is either barely able or unable to make the postsynaptic neuron fire. In this case, action potentials are primarily generated by chance clusterings in the timing of presynaptic spikes26. The neuron acts somewhat like a coincidence det ...
Axon
.svg?width=300)
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.