9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming), beveled (30°, 20-m tip diameter) and filled with 2 M sodium chloride (⬃1 M⍀). Electrodes for intracellular recordings were filled with a mixture of 2 M potassium acetate and 3 M potassium chloride (10:1) which gave final resistances of ⬃90 –120 M⍀. Ver ...
... with a horizontal puller (P-87 Brown/Flaming), beveled (30°, 20-m tip diameter) and filled with 2 M sodium chloride (⬃1 M⍀). Electrodes for intracellular recordings were filled with a mixture of 2 M potassium acetate and 3 M potassium chloride (10:1) which gave final resistances of ⬃90 –120 M⍀. Ver ...
6 slides per sheet
... a) Fertilization/Cortical Rotation. b) Blastula (hollow ball of cells). c) Gastrulation (inside-out involution of surface cells to the interior, through the blastopore). d) Neurulation (neural tube formation). e) Segmentation/Cephalization. f) Birth of neurons from the ventricular zone. Radial, then ...
... a) Fertilization/Cortical Rotation. b) Blastula (hollow ball of cells). c) Gastrulation (inside-out involution of surface cells to the interior, through the blastopore). d) Neurulation (neural tube formation). e) Segmentation/Cephalization. f) Birth of neurons from the ventricular zone. Radial, then ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... used this assay to assess the specificity of homonymous and heteronymous sensory-motor connections within the AC synergy group at postnatal days 7 and 21, monitoring both the fraction of motor neurons receiving input from sensory neurons conveying feedback from a defined muscle, and the density of s ...
... used this assay to assess the specificity of homonymous and heteronymous sensory-motor connections within the AC synergy group at postnatal days 7 and 21, monitoring both the fraction of motor neurons receiving input from sensory neurons conveying feedback from a defined muscle, and the density of s ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... SP neurons inappropriately express genes, molecular characteristics, and projections of normally later-born subcerebral projection neurons. Similarly, subcerebral projection neurons prematurely differentiate before they reach their final positions in layer V and arrest their migration heterotopicall ...
... SP neurons inappropriately express genes, molecular characteristics, and projections of normally later-born subcerebral projection neurons. Similarly, subcerebral projection neurons prematurely differentiate before they reach their final positions in layer V and arrest their migration heterotopicall ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing for clues about the source of the dysfunction. Nonetheless, at the point of delineating a hypothesis about the problems of the patient, the doctor or scientif ...
... of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing for clues about the source of the dysfunction. Nonetheless, at the point of delineating a hypothesis about the problems of the patient, the doctor or scientif ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... Figure 1. Morphological and physiological characterization of neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. A, An IR-DIC image of a neostriatal slice illustrating the characteristic appearance of giant interneurons. The large soma and thick primary dendrites are stereotypical features of cholinergic cells. ...
... Figure 1. Morphological and physiological characterization of neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. A, An IR-DIC image of a neostriatal slice illustrating the characteristic appearance of giant interneurons. The large soma and thick primary dendrites are stereotypical features of cholinergic cells. ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
... Loss of function of the maternally inherited allele for the UBE3A ubiquitin ligase gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS), which is characterized by severe neurological impairment and motor dysfunction. In addition, UBE3A lies within chromosome 15q11 –q13 region, where maternal, but not paternal, duplic ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... majority of contacts with spheroidal vesicles displayed gap junctions in which the chemical and electrotonic synapses were either en face to dissimilar or adjacent to one another on the same soma/ dendritic profiles. Another separate set of axosomatic synaptic endings, presumed to be inhibitory, con ...
... majority of contacts with spheroidal vesicles displayed gap junctions in which the chemical and electrotonic synapses were either en face to dissimilar or adjacent to one another on the same soma/ dendritic profiles. Another separate set of axosomatic synaptic endings, presumed to be inhibitory, con ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdivided into four subnuclei: dorsolateral (SolDL), ventrolateral (SolVL), ventral (SolV), and SolI. The medial subdivision is further subdivided into seven subnuclei: SolIM, SolCe, medial (SolM), commissural (SolC), dorsom ...
... their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdivided into four subnuclei: dorsolateral (SolDL), ventrolateral (SolVL), ventral (SolV), and SolI. The medial subdivision is further subdivided into seven subnuclei: SolIM, SolCe, medial (SolM), commissural (SolC), dorsom ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... development in vertebrates. As a result, a functional neural network is established, which is usually remarkably stable. However, the stability of the neural network in higher vertebrates comes at an expensive price, i.e. the loss of any significant ability to regenerate injured or damaged neuronal ...
... development in vertebrates. As a result, a functional neural network is established, which is usually remarkably stable. However, the stability of the neural network in higher vertebrates comes at an expensive price, i.e. the loss of any significant ability to regenerate injured or damaged neuronal ...
FORM A
... A 13 year old female presents to your clinic with a history of being on her roller blades when she feel, sustaining an injury to her neck. You review the emergency room report she brought with her and you see she had a contusion to the left side of her neck affecting cervical nerves C5 and 6. She h ...
... A 13 year old female presents to your clinic with a history of being on her roller blades when she feel, sustaining an injury to her neck. You review the emergency room report she brought with her and you see she had a contusion to the left side of her neck affecting cervical nerves C5 and 6. She h ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... area of cortex receiving from one retinal area projects to an area of the colliculus receiving from the same retinal area.23 There are two interesting problems related to this matching topography, which holds good for rat,23'24 rabbit,25'2G cat,9'27 tree shrew,2S) 29 and monkey.30 In the monkey, the ...
... area of cortex receiving from one retinal area projects to an area of the colliculus receiving from the same retinal area.23 There are two interesting problems related to this matching topography, which holds good for rat,23'24 rabbit,25'2G cat,9'27 tree shrew,2S) 29 and monkey.30 In the monkey, the ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... lognormally distributed, similar to reports of synaptic strengths. Some neurons transferred and received much more information than others, which is consistent with previous predictions. Neurons with the highest outgoing and incoming information transfer were more strongly connected to each other th ...
... lognormally distributed, similar to reports of synaptic strengths. Some neurons transferred and received much more information than others, which is consistent with previous predictions. Neurons with the highest outgoing and incoming information transfer were more strongly connected to each other th ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... 1975; Petrides and Iversen 1976). Electrophysiological studies in the PFCdl of monkeys have revealed delay-related neuronal activity during the performance of DR and delayed alternation (DA) tasks in manual (Carlson et al. 1990; Fuster 1973; Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kojima and GoldmanRakic 1984; K ...
... 1975; Petrides and Iversen 1976). Electrophysiological studies in the PFCdl of monkeys have revealed delay-related neuronal activity during the performance of DR and delayed alternation (DA) tasks in manual (Carlson et al. 1990; Fuster 1973; Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kojima and GoldmanRakic 1984; K ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... requires only a very narrow spectral band and can be performed with near infrared light. Thus, it is attractive for avoiding cross talk in combination with optogenetic stimulation. However, to date these signals remain small and difficult to distinguish from activity-independent cell motion, which w ...
... requires only a very narrow spectral band and can be performed with near infrared light. Thus, it is attractive for avoiding cross talk in combination with optogenetic stimulation. However, to date these signals remain small and difficult to distinguish from activity-independent cell motion, which w ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
... at dendro-dendritic synapses. Despite strong evidence to support this interpretation [23,24,26,55,69,72], this is not fully consistent with anatomical data given that dendro-dendritic synapses [77 –79] are absent in DA dendrite-rich SNr [78] and are relatively rare in SNc and VTA [78]. Moreover, Pic ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... reveals that the continuous distribution of intrinsic parameters observed in medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons can be neatly subdivided into two populations of neurons, one of which is GABAergic and the other of which is exclusively glycinergic or glutamatergic. In slice recordings, GABAergic ...
... reveals that the continuous distribution of intrinsic parameters observed in medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) neurons can be neatly subdivided into two populations of neurons, one of which is GABAergic and the other of which is exclusively glycinergic or glutamatergic. In slice recordings, GABAergic ...
Introduction
... event which is required for cytochrome c release in response to DNA damage in sympathetic neurons14, we anticipated that p53 deficient neurons might be resistant to apoptosis at multiple points in the apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this known premitochondrial function of p53 in neurons, while t ...
... event which is required for cytochrome c release in response to DNA damage in sympathetic neurons14, we anticipated that p53 deficient neurons might be resistant to apoptosis at multiple points in the apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this known premitochondrial function of p53 in neurons, while t ...
Document
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
9-Sensation of Smell..
... • Bitter tastes are associated with the possible presence of toxins and are usually avoided. • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
... • Bitter tastes are associated with the possible presence of toxins and are usually avoided. • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation
... the time the bottle took to reach the drinking zone after trial onset as time-to-reward. If the time-to-reward distribution during trials significantly differed from that during waiting periods, the single neuron was considered an operantly conditioned neuron. The firing rates of conditioned neuron ...
... the time the bottle took to reach the drinking zone after trial onset as time-to-reward. If the time-to-reward distribution during trials significantly differed from that during waiting periods, the single neuron was considered an operantly conditioned neuron. The firing rates of conditioned neuron ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.