C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... state resemblesactive sleep by behavioral, polygraphic, and electrophysiologic criteria (George et al., 1964; Baghdoyan et al., 1987, 1989; Morales et al., 1987); it can also be reliably and repeatedly induced. Thus, it offers significant methodological advantagesin terms of an experimental paradigm ...
... state resemblesactive sleep by behavioral, polygraphic, and electrophysiologic criteria (George et al., 1964; Baghdoyan et al., 1987, 1989; Morales et al., 1987); it can also be reliably and repeatedly induced. Thus, it offers significant methodological advantagesin terms of an experimental paradigm ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
... callosum to the adjacent cingulate gyri. This diffusion of HRP was sufficient to produce retrograde filling of neurons in the thalamus. In the animals used in this report, the thalamic label included a primary focus of HRP-filled neurons within the anterior nuclear group with additional light label ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... as migraine or cluster headache (Goadsby, 2001). Primary nociceptive afferents from the meninges terminate within the medullary dorsal horn of the caudal trigeminal nucleus (Dostrovosky et al., 1991; Strassman et al., 1994; Burstein et al., 1998; Schepelmann et al., 1999; Ebersberger et al., 2001) a ...
... as migraine or cluster headache (Goadsby, 2001). Primary nociceptive afferents from the meninges terminate within the medullary dorsal horn of the caudal trigeminal nucleus (Dostrovosky et al., 1991; Strassman et al., 1994; Burstein et al., 1998; Schepelmann et al., 1999; Ebersberger et al., 2001) a ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... the activity of the same population of neurons, then TRH mRNA levels should be elevated by cold exposure in the same neurons in which T3 reduces TRH mRNA levels. As predicted, TRH mRNA levels are regulated by T3: cellular levels of TRH mRNA in the PVN are elevated in hypothyroid rats, and daily inje ...
... the activity of the same population of neurons, then TRH mRNA levels should be elevated by cold exposure in the same neurons in which T3 reduces TRH mRNA levels. As predicted, TRH mRNA levels are regulated by T3: cellular levels of TRH mRNA in the PVN are elevated in hypothyroid rats, and daily inje ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
Introducing a New Product
... Components of neurons (cont) Axon A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic ...
... Components of neurons (cont) Axon A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... sensitive VAS direction. Before quantitative data were collected, responses to VAS stimulation were assessed qualitatively. VSRFs were then derived from responses to single presentations of VAS stimuli delivered dichotically at each direction in random order. Approximately 15 min was required to obt ...
... sensitive VAS direction. Before quantitative data were collected, responses to VAS stimulation were assessed qualitatively. VSRFs were then derived from responses to single presentations of VAS stimuli delivered dichotically at each direction in random order. Approximately 15 min was required to obt ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... electrogenic sodium pump component of the membrane potential. Barbara York showed that the snail neuron was sensitive to the oxygen concentration around the neuron and that reducing the Po2 brought about a depolarization of the membrane potential, whilst increasing the Po2 hyperpolarized the neuron, ...
... electrogenic sodium pump component of the membrane potential. Barbara York showed that the snail neuron was sensitive to the oxygen concentration around the neuron and that reducing the Po2 brought about a depolarization of the membrane potential, whilst increasing the Po2 hyperpolarized the neuron, ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... macaque striate cortex by Brodmann (1909). The main differences between Hassler’s and Brodmann’s nomenclatures are summarized in Table 2. We have decided to use the Hassler scheme because, based on cytology and efferent connections, there is now ample evidence to support the view that some of the su ...
... macaque striate cortex by Brodmann (1909). The main differences between Hassler’s and Brodmann’s nomenclatures are summarized in Table 2. We have decided to use the Hassler scheme because, based on cytology and efferent connections, there is now ample evidence to support the view that some of the su ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... and descend as the ventral corticospinal tract. In addition to the corticospinal tract, the corticospinal system contains indirect paths that project first to brain stem motor nuclei and from there to the spinal cord. The spinal gray matter is the target of the corticospinal tract. It is composed of ...
... and descend as the ventral corticospinal tract. In addition to the corticospinal tract, the corticospinal system contains indirect paths that project first to brain stem motor nuclei and from there to the spinal cord. The spinal gray matter is the target of the corticospinal tract. It is composed of ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... lines of evidence suggest that the deprivation effects are triggered by activity rather than inactivity. For example, the depression of input from one eye after strabismus cannot be explained by disuse but is readily explained by a loss of pre- and postsynaptic correlations. Moreover, simple blurrin ...
... lines of evidence suggest that the deprivation effects are triggered by activity rather than inactivity. For example, the depression of input from one eye after strabismus cannot be explained by disuse but is readily explained by a loss of pre- and postsynaptic correlations. Moreover, simple blurrin ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but ...
... which A2 neurons are recruited by a given stimulus or event, but A2 neurons are consistently activated by treatments or situations that present actual or anticipated threats to bodily homeostasis. In many cases the relevant information is communicated to A2 neurons by visceral sensory afferents, but ...
Chapter 2 - Monsignor Farrell High School
... • Synaptic vesicles: sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals – neurotransmitter: chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell ...
... • Synaptic vesicles: sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals – neurotransmitter: chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... experiments had similar threshold functions, which are circled in Fig. 1B. 3.2. Response maps of DCN neurons Response maps for neurons in the DCN of decerebrate animals have been described in detail (Young and Brownell, 1976; Spirou and Young, 1991; Spirou et al., 1999). Examples of response maps th ...
... experiments had similar threshold functions, which are circled in Fig. 1B. 3.2. Response maps of DCN neurons Response maps for neurons in the DCN of decerebrate animals have been described in detail (Young and Brownell, 1976; Spirou and Young, 1991; Spirou et al., 1999). Examples of response maps th ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... Pathway-specific gating with SOM neurons. We have shown that a key determinant of gating performance is the sparseness of innervation patterns onto the dendritic tree. Yet, the connectivity from SOM interneurons to pyramidal neurons is dense27. Is it possible for the proposed gating mechanism to func ...
... Pathway-specific gating with SOM neurons. We have shown that a key determinant of gating performance is the sparseness of innervation patterns onto the dendritic tree. Yet, the connectivity from SOM interneurons to pyramidal neurons is dense27. Is it possible for the proposed gating mechanism to func ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... nuclei (Alexander et al., 1986; Middleton and Strick, 2000). Further(2) The STN forms the other primary input nucleus of the BG and also more, a distinction can be made between macroscopic and microscopic receives input from cortex and some thalamic nuclei. Only one neuron channels. Macroscopic chan ...
... nuclei (Alexander et al., 1986; Middleton and Strick, 2000). Further(2) The STN forms the other primary input nucleus of the BG and also more, a distinction can be made between macroscopic and microscopic receives input from cortex and some thalamic nuclei. Only one neuron channels. Macroscopic chan ...
Development - Publications Repository
... Neuropilin (NRP) receptors and their class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3) ligands play well-established roles in axon guidance, with loss of NRP1, NRP2, SEMA3A or SEMA3F causing defasciculation and errors in growth cone guidance of peripherally projecting nerves. Here we report that loss of NRP1 or NRP2 also ...
... Neuropilin (NRP) receptors and their class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3) ligands play well-established roles in axon guidance, with loss of NRP1, NRP2, SEMA3A or SEMA3F causing defasciculation and errors in growth cone guidance of peripherally projecting nerves. Here we report that loss of NRP1 or NRP2 also ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... to and visually monitoring the ongoing activity, while moving under manual control a luminous bar of 100% dot density, adjusted in size and orientation for each neuron to evoke the subjectively judged “optimal” binocular response. The 2-dimensional (2D) location of this response was taken as the cen ...
... to and visually monitoring the ongoing activity, while moving under manual control a luminous bar of 100% dot density, adjusted in size and orientation for each neuron to evoke the subjectively judged “optimal” binocular response. The 2-dimensional (2D) location of this response was taken as the cen ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... Toxicit y e xperiments. Motoneuron-enriched cultures and dorsal horn cultures were exposed to excitotoxins for 24 hr at 37°C in a 6% C O2 incubator, using an exposure medium of L15 supplemented with glucose (3.6 mg /ml) and sodium bicarbonate (0.15%, w/ v). The NMDA receptor antagonist M K-801 (10 m ...
... Toxicit y e xperiments. Motoneuron-enriched cultures and dorsal horn cultures were exposed to excitotoxins for 24 hr at 37°C in a 6% C O2 incubator, using an exposure medium of L15 supplemented with glucose (3.6 mg /ml) and sodium bicarbonate (0.15%, w/ v). The NMDA receptor antagonist M K-801 (10 m ...
The Nervous System
... Axons end in axonal terminals Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons Synapse – junction between nerves Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjami ...
... Axons end in axonal terminals Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons Synapse – junction between nerves Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjami ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... ties have been attributed to the individual neuron, with the complex computations that are the hallmark of brains being performed by the network of these simple elements. In this framework, the neuron (often called a “Perceptron,” “Spin,” or “Unit”) sums up the synaptic input and, by comparing this ...
... ties have been attributed to the individual neuron, with the complex computations that are the hallmark of brains being performed by the network of these simple elements. In this framework, the neuron (often called a “Perceptron,” “Spin,” or “Unit”) sums up the synaptic input and, by comparing this ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation by
... temporal requisition. Furthermore, the conditioned neurons fired more frequently, instantaneously, and strongly than the neighboring neurons that were simultaneously recorded around the conditioned neurons (Figure 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing signifi ...
... temporal requisition. Furthermore, the conditioned neurons fired more frequently, instantaneously, and strongly than the neighboring neurons that were simultaneously recorded around the conditioned neurons (Figure 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing signifi ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.