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... differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basic fascicle organizations. In many animals, a neuropil, the reg ...
... differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basic fascicle organizations. In many animals, a neuropil, the reg ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
... ablation of the AON prior to synapse formation. AChR levels were dramatically reduced in neurons of input-deprived ganglia as compared to control innervated neurons at all developmental stages examined from embryonic day (ED) 5 to ED 12 as determined by indirect immunocytochemical labeling of frozen ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... potential H-channel blocker (Bischoff et al. 2003) and its inclusion in the recording pipettes would reduce the sag response, we initially tried to use intracellular solution that did not contain QX-314. However, the contamination of the action potential prevented reliable recordings of excitatory p ...
... potential H-channel blocker (Bischoff et al. 2003) and its inclusion in the recording pipettes would reduce the sag response, we initially tried to use intracellular solution that did not contain QX-314. However, the contamination of the action potential prevented reliable recordings of excitatory p ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... with the greatest concentrations in frontal and temporal lobes (Bjorklund et al., 1978; Brown et al., 1979). In a study utilizing catecholamine histofluorescence, Levitt and colleagues (Levitt et al., 1984) also reported that almost all dopamine-like axons were confined to frontal and temporal regio ...
... with the greatest concentrations in frontal and temporal lobes (Bjorklund et al., 1978; Brown et al., 1979). In a study utilizing catecholamine histofluorescence, Levitt and colleagues (Levitt et al., 1984) also reported that almost all dopamine-like axons were confined to frontal and temporal regio ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... Application of Q system in various tissues We expressed QF in body-wall muscles of QUAS
... Application of Q system in various tissues We expressed QF in body-wall muscles of QUAS
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... hippocampal cultures derived from these 5xFAD animals and their wild type littermates showed similar cell density and cell survival after 12 days in vitro (DIV) (Supplementary Figure 1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4145708). These cultures were transfec ...
... hippocampal cultures derived from these 5xFAD animals and their wild type littermates showed similar cell density and cell survival after 12 days in vitro (DIV) (Supplementary Figure 1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4145708). These cultures were transfec ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular and binocular depth cues, respectively, on the response of su ...
... Masato Taira. Integration of perspective and disparity cues in surface-orientation–selective neurons of area CIP. J Neurophysiol 86: 2856 –2867, 2001. We investigated the effects of linear perspective and binocular disparity, as monocular and binocular depth cues, respectively, on the response of su ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... All experiments were conducted in compliance with the Guidelines for Use of Laboratory Animals of Osaka University. Slice preparation including the STN from Sprague-Dawley rats aged P14 –P27 was obtained with the use of procedures similar to those we have previously described (Otsuka et al. 2001a). ...
... All experiments were conducted in compliance with the Guidelines for Use of Laboratory Animals of Osaka University. Slice preparation including the STN from Sprague-Dawley rats aged P14 –P27 was obtained with the use of procedures similar to those we have previously described (Otsuka et al. 2001a). ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... it is possible to describe the transfer characteristic due to each input separately. Thus, a twoinput identifying experiment provides the inr(t) = I?4 G,Kh>,~ w 491 (4) formation of two one-input experiments and, in addition, the information about the interaction 7Z=0 between the two inputs. In cons ...
... it is possible to describe the transfer characteristic due to each input separately. Thus, a twoinput identifying experiment provides the inr(t) = I?4 G,Kh>,~ w 491 (4) formation of two one-input experiments and, in addition, the information about the interaction 7Z=0 between the two inputs. In cons ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brief, but interesting, discussion of how innervation of the NTS by oxytocin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus neurons may modulate homeostatic reflexes; we pro ...
... NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brief, but interesting, discussion of how innervation of the NTS by oxytocin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus neurons may modulate homeostatic reflexes; we pro ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... Moreover, migration was blocked by administration of AMD3100 at both stages (Fig. 4B,D,E; arrowheads in Fig. 4b,b′,d,d′). These results indicated that CXCR4 regulates the migration of TH+ cells in vitro. As E11.5 mDA neurons extend their neurites first towards the meninges (Van den Heuvel and Paster ...
... Moreover, migration was blocked by administration of AMD3100 at both stages (Fig. 4B,D,E; arrowheads in Fig. 4b,b′,d,d′). These results indicated that CXCR4 regulates the migration of TH+ cells in vitro. As E11.5 mDA neurons extend their neurites first towards the meninges (Van den Heuvel and Paster ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... vesicle recycling kinetics in these animals. These results suggest that FXS is associated with abnormal STP and information processing in excitatory hippocampal synapses. Auditory nerve: converging synapses develop matched release probabilities A major issue concerning short-term plasticity is how i ...
... vesicle recycling kinetics in these animals. These results suggest that FXS is associated with abnormal STP and information processing in excitatory hippocampal synapses. Auditory nerve: converging synapses develop matched release probabilities A major issue concerning short-term plasticity is how i ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
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... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... that accordingly has a net-like (reticular) appearance. The neurons have long radiating dendrites that extend out through passing fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular ne ...
... that accordingly has a net-like (reticular) appearance. The neurons have long radiating dendrites that extend out through passing fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular ne ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
... Incorrect. Myelin cells do not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. ANS: c, p. 44, F, LO=2.1, (2) 20. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the ...
Spinal cord
... a. Differentiate between sensory nuclei and motor nuclei. b. A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus-infected motor neurons to be? c. A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect which portion of the spinal cord? © 20 ...
... a. Differentiate between sensory nuclei and motor nuclei. b. A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus-infected motor neurons to be? c. A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect which portion of the spinal cord? © 20 ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... transmission into fast synaptic wiring transmission that is electrical, and slow volume transmission that is chemical. The doubts about the speed of chemical neurotransmission, and its general validity, were only definitively laid to rest by Bernhard Katz’s seminal experiments on the frog neuromuscu ...
... transmission into fast synaptic wiring transmission that is electrical, and slow volume transmission that is chemical. The doubts about the speed of chemical neurotransmission, and its general validity, were only definitively laid to rest by Bernhard Katz’s seminal experiments on the frog neuromuscu ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and salt responsesfrom first-order taste afferents. Receptive field size at various neural levels is determinedduring develo ...
... of receptive field sizeand salt responsecharacteristicsof secondorder taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep.These data can be compared with parallel measuresof receptive fields and salt responsesfrom first-order taste afferents. Receptive field size at various neural levels is determinedduring develo ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... could be alternated multiple times. In this situation, it is possible that the animal at some point creates two representations corresponding to the two contexts and it can switch rapidly from the optimal policy for one context to the optimal policy for the other. This switch is qualitatively differ ...
... could be alternated multiple times. In this situation, it is possible that the animal at some point creates two representations corresponding to the two contexts and it can switch rapidly from the optimal policy for one context to the optimal policy for the other. This switch is qualitatively differ ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional proces ...
... How is information from the cortex transmitted to the periphery? We used two parallel approaches to map simultaneously multiple pathways to determine if hypothalamic autonomic centres are a key link for orbitofrontal areas and medial prefrontal areas, which have been associated with emotional proces ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.